{
  "id": "nexus-ext-1-0034-135793",
  "citation": "Res. 01277-2010 Sala Segunda de la Corte",
  "section": "nexus_decisions",
  "doc_type": "court_decision",
  "title_es": "Ámbito subjetivo de convenciones colectivas en corporaciones municipales",
  "title_en": "Subjective scope of collective bargaining agreements in municipal corporations",
  "summary_es": "Este voto de la Sala Segunda de la Corte analiza el ámbito subjetivo de aplicación de las convenciones colectivas celebradas en las corporaciones municipales. La Sala desarrolla una extensa revisión de la jurisprudencia constitucional y laboral para determinar qué servidores públicos municipales pueden beneficiarse de estos instrumentos colectivos. La decisión establece que la posibilidad de negociar convenciones colectivas en las municipalidades está reconocida, pero no todos los trabajadores están cubiertos. La Sala concluye que están excluidos de la aplicación de la convención colectiva aquellos funcionarios que ejercen la gestión pública, como el alcalde municipal, los regidores, los síndicos y otros miembros del gobierno municipal, así como quienes hayan participado directamente en la negociación del instrumento colectivo. La sentencia reafirma la doctrina del voto 4453-2000 de la Sala Constitucional, que limitaba la negociación colectiva a los servidores que no participan de la gestión pública, y enfatiza que una interpretación restrictiva que negara este derecho a los demás trabajadores municipales vaciaría de contenido el principio de progresividad de los derechos fundamentales.",
  "summary_en": "This ruling by the Second Chamber of the Supreme Court analyzes the subjective scope of application of collective bargaining agreements signed in municipal corporations. The Chamber conducts an extensive review of constitutional and labor case law to determine which municipal public servants can benefit from these collective instruments. The decision establishes that while the possibility of negotiating collective agreements in municipalities is recognized, not all workers are covered. The Chamber concludes that those officials who exercise public management are excluded from the collective agreement, such as the mayor, council members, district councilors, and other members of the municipal government, as well as those who have directly participated in the negotiation of the collective instrument. The ruling reaffirms the doctrine of Constitutional Chamber vote 4453-2000, which limited collective bargaining to servants who do not participate in public management, and emphasizes that a restrictive interpretation denying this right to other municipal workers would empty the principle of progressivity of fundamental rights of its essential content.",
  "court_or_agency": "Sala Segunda de la Corte",
  "date": "2010",
  "year": "2010",
  "topic_ids": [
    "_off-topic"
  ],
  "primary_topic_id": "_off-topic",
  "es_concept_hints": [
    "convención colectiva",
    "gestión pública",
    "bloque de constitucionalidad",
    "régimen de empleo público",
    "relación estatutaria",
    "progresividad de derechos",
    "negociación colectiva en municipalidades"
  ],
  "concept_anchors": [
    {
      "article": "Art. 60",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 62",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 191",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 192",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 111",
      "law": "Ley General de la Administración Pública"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 112",
      "law": "Ley General de la Administración Pública"
    }
  ],
  "keywords_es": [
    "convención colectiva",
    "sector público",
    "municipalidad",
    "trabajador municipal",
    "gestión pública",
    "negociación colectiva",
    "Sala Segunda",
    "ámbito subjetivo",
    "progresividad",
    "derechos fundamentales"
  ],
  "keywords_en": [
    "collective agreement",
    "public sector",
    "municipality",
    "municipal worker",
    "public management",
    "collective bargaining",
    "Second Chamber",
    "subjective scope",
    "progressivity",
    "fundamental rights"
  ],
  "excerpt_es": "Concretamente refiriéndonos al ámbito de aplicación subjetivo de la Convención Colectiva, una vez que ha sido reconocida la posibilidad de suscribir este tipo de acuerdos en las corporaciones municipales (al amparo del bloque de constitucionalidad), esta Sala ha establecido cuales funcionarios municipales se encuentran al margen de la aplicación del instrumento colectivo, con base a las particularidades asociadas con el tipo de labor que realiza la persona para el gobierno local, así quienes se encarguen de llevar a cabo la gestión pública del municipio, o quienes ejecuten actos de gobierno, no podrán beneficiarse de las normas convencionales vigentes en la entidad municipal.",
  "excerpt_en": "Specifically regarding the subjective scope of application of the Collective Agreement, once the possibility of signing this type of agreements in municipal corporations has been recognized (under the protection of the constitutional block), this Chamber has established which municipal officials are excluded from the application of the collective instrument, based on the particularities associated with the type of work the person performs for the local government; thus, those who carry out the public management of the municipality, or those who execute government acts, may not benefit from the conventional norms in force in the municipal entity.",
  "outcome": {
    "label_en": "On the merits",
    "label_es": "De fondo",
    "summary_en": "The Second Chamber analyzes the subjective scope of application of collective agreements in municipalities, determining that those who exercise public management or participated in the negotiation are excluded.",
    "summary_es": "La Sala Segunda analiza el ámbito subjetivo de aplicación de las convenciones colectivas en las municipalidades, determinando que están excluidos quienes ejercen gestión pública o participaron en la negociación."
  },
  "pull_quotes": [
    {
      "context": "Considerando IV",
      "quote_en": "Translating all of the above to the municipal sphere, only those responsible for public management would then be excluded from the norms of a collective negotiation, such as the municipal mayor, council members, district councilors, who are popularly elected officials, and members of the municipal government, as well as those officials who by virtue of their positions have had direct participation in the negotiation of the collective agreement.",
      "quote_es": "Traducido todo lo anterior al ámbito municipal, quedarían excluidos entonces de las normas de una negociación colectiva, solamente los responsables de la gestión pública, tales como el alcalde municipal, los regidores, síndicos, quienes son funcionarios de elección popular, e integrantes del gobierno municipal, lo mismo que aquellos funcionarios que por el ejercicio de sus cargos hayan tenido una participación directa en la negociación de la convención colectiva."
    },
    {
      "context": "Considerando IV",
      "quote_en": "This interpretation is harmonious with what was resolved by the Constitutional Chamber, which by recognizing the possibility of collective bargaining in municipal corporations strengthened this right for its workers, and therefore, a restrictive interpretation in this area (adjusted to the statutory regime that governs them) would lead us to completely empty it of its minimum essential content, which would ultimately be contrary to the very theory of progressivity of fundamental rights.",
      "quote_es": "Esta interpretación resulta armoniosa con lo resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, quien al reconocer la posibilidad de negociar colectivamente en las corporaciones municipales fortaleció este derecho para sus trabajadores, y por ende, una interpretación restrictiva en este ámbito (ajustada al régimen estatutario que los rija), nos llevaría a vaciarlo totalmente de su contenido mínimo esencial, lo que a la postre resultaría contrario a la propia teoría de la progresividad de los derechos fundamentales."
    }
  ],
  "cites": [],
  "cited_by": [],
  "references": {
    "internal": [],
    "external": []
  },
  "source_url": "https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/ext-1-0034-135793",
  "tier": 2,
  "_editorial_citation_count": 0,
  "regulations_by_article": null,
  "amendments_by_article": null,
  "dictamen_by_article": null,
  "concordancias_by_article": null,
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  "cited_by_votos": [],
  "cited_norms": [],
  "cited_norms_inverted": [
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-38915",
      "norm_num": "6815",
      "norm_name": "Ley Orgánica de la Procuraduría General de la República",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "27/09/1982"
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-53738",
      "norm_num": "8422",
      "norm_name": "Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "06/10/2004"
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-5561",
      "norm_num": "4574",
      "norm_name": "Código Municipal",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "04/05/1970"
    }
  ],
  "sentencias_relacionadas": [],
  "temas_y_subtemas": [],
  "cascade_only": false,
  "amendment_count": 0,
  "body_es_text": "“IV.- SOBRE EL ÁMBITO SUBJETIVO DE APLICACIÓN DE LAS CONVENCIONES COLECTIVAS CELEBRADAS EN LAS CORPORACIONES MUNICIPALES: Nuestra Constitución Política en su capítulo sobre “Derechos y Garantías Sociales”, consagra la protección de la libertad sindical en sus tres esferas (libertad de asociarse a organizaciones autónomas de defensa de los derechos de las personas trabajadoras o empleadoras, libertad de negociar colectivamente, y libertad del ejercicio del derecho de huelga y paro patronal), como un elemento esencial que contribuye al sostenimiento del sistema social y de derecho que rige nuestro país. Así el artículo 60 de la Carta Magna dispone: “Tanto los patronos como los trabajadores podrán sindicalizarse libremente, con el fin exclusivo de obtener y conservar beneficios económicos, sociales o profesionales./Queda prohibido a los extranjeros ejercer dirección o autoridad en los sindicatos”. Por su parte el numeral 62 eleva a rango constitucional el derecho a celebrar negociaciones colectivas, al referir que: “Tendrán fuerza de ley las convenciones colectivas de trabajo que, con arreglo a la ley, se concierten entre patronos o sindicatos de patronos y sindicatos de trabajadores legalmente organizados”. Como parte del fortalecimiento del bloque de constitucionalidad en materia de libertad de asociación nuestro país ha suscrito una serie de tratados internacionales en los que se garantiza la protección de esa libertad para fines lícitos para todas las personas, incluyendo lógicamente a las personas trabajadoras, tal y como lo hace la Declaración Americana de los Derechos y Deberes del Hombre (Bogotá, mayo de 1948) en su artículo XXII.- “Toda persona tiene el derecho de asociarse con otras para promover, ejercer y proteger sus intereses legítimos, de orden político, económico, religioso, social, cultural, profesional, sindical o de cualquier otro orden\". En igual sentido el artículo 20 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos (París, diciembre de 1948), reconoce el derecho de asociación: Artículo 20.1- Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad de reunión y de asociación pacífica. Por su parte el artículo 22 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos (New York, diciembre de 1966) dice en lo que interesa: Artículo 22.- 1.- Toda persona tiene derecho a asociarse libremente con otras, incluso el derecho a formar sindicatos y afiliarse a ellos para la protección de sus intereses. Abundando en el tema el artículo 16 de la Convención Americana sobre los Derechos Humanos (Pacto de San José, noviembre de 1969), dispone: Artículo 16. 1- Todas las personas tienen derecho a asociarse libremente con fines ideológicos, religiosos, políticos, económicos, laborales, sociales, culturales, deportivos o de cualquier otra índole. También la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (O.I.T.) se ha interesado por reafirmar este derecho –referido concretamente a la libertad de asociación para la defensa de interese gremiales o profesionales-, adoptando Convenios y Recomendaciones, en procura de que los Estados lo reconozcan y, a su vez, pongan en práctica mecanismos efectivos para su tutela. En ese orden de ideas, el país ha ratificado y están plenamente vigentes, como parte del ordenamiento jurídico interno, el Convenio 87, relativo a la libertad sindical y a la protección del derecho de sindicación; y el Convenio 98, relativo a la aplicación de los principios del derecho de sindicación y de negociación colectiva (ambos ratificados por Ley número 2561, del 11 de mayo de 1960). Ahora bien, de conformidad con la jurisprudencia emanada de la propia Sala Constitucional, la cual integra en igual medida ese bloque de constitucionalidad (artículo 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), el derecho de los trabajadores que laboren para alguna dependencia estatal (organizada bajo un régimen de derecho público o privado), para celebrar convenciones colectivas, tiene matices que lo diferencian del ejercicio de este derecho en el ámbito de empleo privado, en atención a la especial naturaleza que rige las relaciones del Estado con sus servidores o trabajadores. Así el voto 1696-92 de las 15:30 horas del 23 de agosto de 1992, dispuso: “XI En opinión de la Sala, entonces, los artículos 191 y 192 de la Constitución Política, fundamentan la existencia, de principio, de un régimen de empleo regido por el Derecho Público, dentro del sector público, como ha quedado claro del debate en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente y recoge incipientemente la Ley General de la Administración Pública. Este régimen de empleo público implica, necesariamente, consecuencias derivadas de la naturaleza de esa relación, con principios generales propios, ya no solamente distintos a los del derecho laboral (privado), sino muchas veces contrapuestos a éstos. Obviamente, la declaración contenida en esta sentencia abarca la relación de empleo que se da entre la administración (o mejor, administraciones) pública y sus servidores, más en aquellos sectores en que hay una regulación (racional) que remita a un régimen privado de empleo, la solución debe ser diferente. En esos casos, se daría un sometimiento a los procedimientos de arbitraje, pero con ciertas limitaciones, tales como que en ellos no pueden dispensarse o excepcionarse leyes, reglamentos o directrices gubernamentales vigentes, por lo que incluso en estos casos no procederían decisiones (laudos) en conciencia, ni tribunales formados por sujetos no abogados”. Así las cosas, el tribunal constitucional establece en primer lugar una diferencia entre el ejercicio de los derechos colectivos de los servidores del Estado y los trabajadores sujetos a un régimen de empleo privado, e igualmente hace una distinción en cuanto al acceso al ejercicio de los derechos laborales colectivos a lo interno de la Administración Pública, entre trabajadores que realizan gestión pública y quienes aún trabajando para una dependencia estatal, se consideran trabajadores sujetos al derecho laboral común, estableciendo vedada la posibilidad de suscribir convenciones colectivas para los primeros, no así para los segundos. Esta posición fue reafirmada en el voto 3053 de las 9:45 horas del 24 de junio de 1994, donde concretamente refiriéndose a la posibilidad de suscribir convenciones colectivas en las dependencias estatales indicó: “(…) No procede acoger, por haber sido ya resuelto en sentido contrario en la acción de inconstitucionalidad mencionada, el amparo pedido en cuanto a la denegatoria de negociación colectiva opuesta a los \"servidores públicos\" de la [Nombre1]. Pero sí cabe amparar al Sindicato recurrente en cuanto la resolución de la Procuraduría del 24 de junio de l993 (ver folios 134 a 139), debió reconsiderar de oficio el dictamen rendido el 12 de diciembre de l985 (inciso b del artículo 3 de la Ley Orgánica de la Procuraduría General de la República) y distinguir entre funcionarios públicos y trabajadores que no participan de la gestión pública de la administración, porque someterlos a todos a la prohibición aludida contradice el fallo varias veces citado y la garantía prevista por el artículo 62 de la Constitución Política, obviamente en el entendido de que la determinación de la categoría de trabajadores que no participan de la gestión pública de la administración es cuestión de mera legalidad”. (Lo destacado no es del original). Más adelante, en virtud de una consulta de constitucionalidad formulada por esta Cámara, la Sala Constitucional en su voto 4453-2000 de las 14:56 horas del 24 de mayo de 2000, siguiendo la tendencia marcada por los votos anteriormente transcritos, concluye que: “Con fundamento en todo lo expuesto y a manera de síntesis, la Sala arriba a las siguientes conclusiones: en el ejercicio de la competencia de máximo intérprete de la Constitución Política, al examinar el tema de la organización y estructura administrativa del Estado y de la procedencia o no de las convenciones colectivas en el sector público, no puede la Sala limitarse, únicamente, a la aplicación de las disposiciones que integran el Capítulo de las llamadas \"Garantías Sociales\". Se necesita, además, examinar esa institución jurídica en coordinación con los principios contenidos en los artículos 191 y 192 de la Constitución Política; al hacer este ejercicio, se adquiere la plena convicción de que la voluntad del constituyente, siguiendo la línea histórica del desarrollo de las instituciones del Derecho Laboral, fue la de abstraer a los servidores del sector público de las reglas generales que informan al Derecho Colectivo del Trabajo, sujetándolo a una relación especial de empleo público, llamada también y comúnmente \"relación estatutaria\", que se rige por el Derecho Público. Esto implica, sin duda y como tesis general, que ningún funcionario público puede negociar sus condiciones de empleo como si se tratara de un nexo contractual sujeto al Derecho Laboral. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de las ideas jurídicas, la adopción de los convenios impulsados por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo y la jurisprudencia de esta Sala, han conducido la evolución de las instituciones involucradas, al nivel de admitir como compatibles con el Derecho de la Constitución, las convenciones colectivas que negocie la categoría de los empleados y servidores que, no obstante integrar el sector público, rigen sus relaciones por el Derecho Laboral, especialmente en los términos de las definiciones que contienen los artículos 111 y 112 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, o sea, cuando se trata de empresas o servicios económicos del Estado encargados de gestiones sometidas al Derecho común, así como las relaciones de servicio con obreros, trabajadores y empleados que no participan de la gestión pública de la Administración y que se rigen por el Derecho laboral o mercantil, según los casos. En este sentido es que se evacua la consulta, pero advirtiendo, eso sí, que le corresponde a la propia Administración, a los operadores del Derecho en general y en última instancia al Juez, cuando conocen de los casos específicos, determinar si una institución del Estado o un grupo de sus servidores o funcionarios, conforman el núcleo de la excepción que sí puede negociar colectivamente, o si por el contrario, les está vedado ese camino. Y por último, según lo que ha expresado en su informe la Procuraduría General de la República, que esta Sala también acoge, el personal que se desempeña en las Municipalidades del país, está limitado para la negociación colectiva, en los términos de esta sentencia, pues, salvo prueba en contrario, se trata de servidores públicos, regidos por la relación de empleo público.(…)” (lo destacado es del redactor). De lo expresado por el alto Tribunal Constitucional, puede concluirse que la posibilidad de negociar convenciones colectivas no aparece limitada para todo aquel trabajador que labore para la administración, sino únicamente para quienes desde su cargo desarrollen “la gestión pública”. Así a modo de ejemplo, la Sala Constitucional ha dicho que quienes laboren para las empresas del Estado, sí pueden negociar colectivamente de conformidad con las disposiciones que informan el Derecho Colectivo del Trabajo, como es el caso de la Junta de Administración Portuaria de la Vertiente Atlántica “JAPDEVA” (voto n° 6730 de las 14:45 horas del 17 de mayo de 2002), igualmente quienes trabajen para “los servicios económicos del Estado” encargados de cuestiones sometidas al Derecho común, tal y como ocurre con la Junta de Protección Social (voto n° 6727 de las 14:52 horas del 17 de mayo de 2006), las universidades públicas (voto nº 1144 de las 15:21 horas del 30 de enero de 2007), los bancos estatales (voto n° 1145 de las 15:22 horas del 30 de enero de 2007), las corporaciones municipales (voto nº 18485 de las 18:02 minutos del 19 de diciembre de 2007), la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo S.A. “RECOPE” (votos nºs 2000-7730 de las 14:47 horas del 30 de agosto de 2000 y 3936 de las 14:49 horas del 12 de marzo de 2008). Ahora bien, la individualización de los trabajadores excluidos de la posibilidad de negociar colectivamente, y por ende, de beneficiarse de los derechos incorporados dentro de este tipo de instrumentos colectivos, ha sido definido por la misma Sala Constitucional como un asunto de mera legalidad, cuya determinación corresponde a la propia administración y en último caso al juez. En ese sentido, esta Sala en estricto apego a lo dispuesto por el artículo 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional ha dictado algunos parámetros en atención a casos concretos para definir si determinado trabajador (o grupo de trabajadores) del Estado se encuentra o no posibilitado para definir, a través del instrumento de la negociación colectiva, su condiciones de empleo, partiendo siempre de la premisa sentada por la Sala Constitucional, que reafirma la posibilidad de negociación colectiva que tienen los obreros, trabajadores y empleados que no participan de la gestión pública de la administración, así como para los empleados de empresas o servicios económicos del Estado encargados de gestiones sometidas al derecho común. (Ver al respecto de ésta Sala el voto n° 0008 de las 10:05 horas del 6 de enero de 2010). Concretamente refiriéndonos al ámbito de aplicación subjetivo de la Convención Colectiva, una vez que ha sido reconocida la posibilidad de suscribir este tipo de acuerdos en las corporaciones municipales (al amparo del bloque de constitucionalidad), esta Sala ha establecido cuales funcionarios municipales se encuentran al margen de la aplicación del instrumento colectivo, con base a las particularidades asociadas con el tipo de labor que realiza la persona para el gobierno local, así quienes se encarguen de llevar a cabo la gestión pública del municipio, o quienes ejecuten actos de gobierno, no podrán beneficiarse de las normas convencionales vigentes en la entidad municipal. Así en el voto n° 550 de las 9:55 horas del 15 de agosto de 2007 se dijo: “V.- Cuáles servidores públicos están excluidos de la negociación colectiva, es decir, cuáles son los que tienen clausurada la vía del derecho colectivo del trabajo, para establecer las condiciones de su empleo? La doctrina de la sentencia de comentario, Nº 4453-2000, sigue una orientación clasificatoria o taxonómica de derechos; según lo cual existirían grupos de servidores que estarían excluidos de las convenciones colectivas que se celebren. La mayoría de esta Sala entiende que esos servidores son los que participan de la gestión pública, es decir, quienes conducen y dirigen los poderes del Estado, los jerarcas de instituciones autónomas, presidencias ejecutivas, así como los jerarcas (grupo gerencial) de las empresas del Estado, etc., lo que obedece a la necesidad de asegurar la continuidad del funcionamiento de la Administración Pública, constituida por el Estado, y los demás entes públicos (artículos 1º y 4º de la Ley General de Administración Pública), así como para evitar conflictos de intereses por la doble condición de trabajadores y jerarcas de la Administración. También estarían excluidos los servidores que por su participación en las negociaciones colectivas puedan verse directamente beneficiados de esas negociaciones, cuestión que desde luego no es conveniente. (Cfr. Sala Constitucional, sentencia Nº 2531-94 de 15:42 horas de 31 de mayo de 1994). El Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 29576 de 31 de mayo de 2001, denominado Reglamento para la Negociación de Convenciones Colectivas en el Sector Público, dispone en su artículo 6º, párrafo 2º: “No podrá formar parte de esa delegación (representación patronal) ninguna persona que fuere a recibir actual o potencialmente algún beneficio de la convención colectiva que se firme”. La Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública, Nº 8422 de 6 de octubre de 2004, recoge esta doctrina en los siguientes términos: “Artículo 48.- Legislación o administración en provecho propio. … Igual se aplicará a quien favorezca a su cónyuge, su compañero, compañera o conviviente o a sus parientes, incluso hasta el tercer grado de consanguinidad o afinidad, o se favorezcan a sí mismo, con beneficios patrimoniales contenidos en convenciones colectivas, en cuya negociación haya participado como representante de la parte patronal”. Traducido todo lo anterior al ámbito municipal, quedarían excluidos entonces de las normas de una negociación colectiva, solamente los responsables de la gestión pública, tales como el alcalde municipal, los regidores, síndicos, quienes son funcionarios de elección popular (artículo 586, párrafo 2º, del Código de Trabajo, en relación con el 12 y 14 del Código Municipal, Ley Nº 7794 de 30 de abril de 1998), e integrantes del gobierno municipal (artículo 169 de la Constitución Política, y 3º del Código Municipal), lo mismo que aquellos funcionarios que por el ejercicio de sus cargos hayan tenido una participación directa en la negociación de la convención colectiva”. Esta interpretación resulta armoniosa con lo resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, quien al reconocer la posibilidad de negociar colectivamente en las corporaciones municipales fortaleció este derecho para sus trabajadores, y por ende, una interpretación restrictiva en este ámbito (ajustada al régimen estatutario que los rija), nos llevaría a vaciarlo totalmente de su contenido mínimo esencial, lo que a la postre resultaría contrario a la propia teoría de la progresividad de los derechos fundamentales (según la cual existe un deber del Estado, de lograr niveles cada vez más altos en la satisfacción de los derechos sociales a través de la gradualidad y la progresividad, evitando todo género de medidas regresivas en su satisfacción) desarrollada por el Alto Tribunal Constitucional en su jurisprudencia (ver sobre el particular, de la Sala Constitucional los votos n°s 2771 de las 11:40 horas del 4 de abril de 2003, 10553 de las 14:54 horas del 1° de julio de 2009, 4806 de las 14:50 horas del 10 de marzo de 2010).“",
  "body_en_text": "**IV.- REGARDING THE SUBJECTIVE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS ENTERED INTO IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS:** Our Political Constitution, in its chapter on “Social Rights and Guarantees,” enshrines the protection of freedom of association (libertad sindical) in its three spheres (freedom to associate in autonomous organizations for the defense of the rights of working persons or employers, freedom to bargain collectively, and freedom to exercise the right to strike and employer lockout), as an essential element that contributes to sustaining the social and rule-of-law system that governs our country. Thus, Article 60 of the Magna Carta provides: “*Both employers and workers may freely unionize, for the exclusive purpose of obtaining and preserving economic, social, or professional benefits./Foreigners are prohibited from exercising leadership or authority in unions*.” In turn, numeral 62 elevates the right to enter into collective bargaining to constitutional rank, by stating: “*Collective labor agreements that, in accordance with the law, are entered into between employers or employers' unions and legally organized workers' unions shall have the force of law*.” As part of strengthening the block of constitutionality regarding freedom of association, our country has signed a series of international treaties guaranteeing the protection of that freedom for lawful purposes for all persons, logically including working persons, as does the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (Bogotá, May 1948) in its Article XXII.- “*Every person has the right to associate with others to promote, exercise and protect his legitimate interests of a political, economic, religious, social, cultural, professional, labor union or any other nature*.” In the same vein, Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Paris, December 1948) recognizes the right of association: *Article 20.1- Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.* For its part, Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (New York, December 1966) states, as relevant: *Article 22.- 1.- Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.* Expanding on the subject, Article 16 of the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José, November 1969), provides: *Article 16. 1- Everyone has the right to associate freely for ideological, religious, political, economic, labor, social, cultural, sports, or any other purposes.* The International Labour Organization (ILO) has also been interested in reaffirming this right – specifically referring to freedom of association for the defense of trade union or professional interests – by adopting Conventions and Recommendations, seeking that States recognize it and, in turn, implement effective mechanisms for its protection. In that order of ideas, the country has ratified and they are fully in force, as part of the domestic legal system, Convention 87, concerning freedom of association and protection of the right to organize; and Convention 98, concerning the application of the principles of the right to organize and to bargain collectively (both ratified by Law number 2561, of May 11, 1960).\n\nNow then, in accordance with the case law emanating from the Constitutional Chamber itself, which integrates that block of constitutionality to an equal extent (Article 13 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), the right of workers who work for any state agency (organized under a public or private law regime) to enter into collective bargaining agreements has nuances that differentiate it from the exercise of this right in the private employment sphere, in view of the special nature governing the State's relations with its servants or workers. Thus, Voto 1696-92 of 15:30 hours on August 23, 1992, provided: “*XI In the opinion of the Chamber, then, Articles 191 and 192 of the Political Constitution establish the existence, in principle, of an employment regime governed by Public Law, within the public sector, as has become clear from the debate in the National Constituent Assembly and is incipiently included in the General Public Administration Law. This public employment regime necessarily implies consequences derived from the nature of that relationship, with its own general principles, no longer only different from those of (private) labor law, but often opposed to them. Obviously, the declaration contained in this judgment encompasses the employment relationship that exists between the public administration (or better, administrations) and its servants, but in those sectors where there is a (rational) regulation that refers to a private employment regime, the solution must be different. In those cases, there would be a submission to arbitration procedures, but with certain limitations, such as that they cannot dispense with or exempt from current laws, regulations, or governmental directives, so that even in these cases, decisions (awards) in equity would not be appropriate, nor would tribunals formed by non-lawyers*.”\n\nThus, the constitutional court establishes, firstly, a difference between the exercise of the collective rights of State servants and workers subject to a private employment regime, and likewise makes a distinction regarding access to the exercise of collective labor rights within the Public Administration, between workers who carry out public management (gestión pública) and those who, although working for a state agency, are considered workers subject to common labor law, establishing that the possibility of signing collective bargaining agreements is prohibited for the former, but not for the latter. This position was reaffirmed in Voto 3053 of 9:45 hours on June 24, 1994, where, specifically referring to the possibility of signing collective bargaining agreements in state agencies, it indicated: “*(…) It is not appropriate to grant, because it has already been resolved in the opposite sense in the aforementioned unconstitutionality action, the requested protection regarding the denial of collective bargaining opposed to the \"public servants\" of [Name1]. **But the petitioning Union can be protected insofar as the resolution of the Attorney General's Office of June 24, 1993 (see folios 134 to 139), should have reconsidered ex officio the opinion rendered on December 12, 1985 (subsection b of Article 3 of the Organic Law of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic) and distinguished between public officials and workers who do not participate in the public management of the administration, because subjecting them all to the aforementioned prohibition contradicts the ruling cited several times and the guarantee provided by Article 62 of the Political Constitution, obviously on the understanding that determining the category of workers who do not participate in the public management of the administration is a matter of mere legality**.*” (Emphasis not in the original).\n\nLater, by virtue of a consultation on constitutionality filed by this Chamber, the Constitutional Chamber, in its Voto 4453-2000 of 14:56 hours on May 24, 2000, following the trend set by the votes previously transcribed, concludes that: “*Based on all the foregoing and by way of summary, the Chamber reaches the following conclusions: in exercising the jurisdiction of maximum interpreter of the Political Constitution, when examining the issue of the organization and administrative structure of the State and the appropriateness or not of collective bargaining agreements in the public sector, the Chamber cannot limit itself solely to the application of the provisions that make up the Chapter on so-called \"Social Guarantees.\" It is also necessary to examine that legal institution in coordination with the principles contained in Articles 191 and 192 of the Political Constitution; by doing this exercise, one acquires the full conviction that the will of the constituent, following the historical line of development of Labor Law institutions, was to abstract public sector servants from the general rules that inform Collective Labor Law, subjecting them to a special public employment relationship, also and commonly called a \"statutory relationship (relación estatutaria),\" which is governed by Public Law. This implies, without a doubt and as a general thesis, that no public official can negotiate their employment conditions as if it were a contractual link subject to Labor Law.*\n\n**IV.- REGARDING THE SUBJECTIVE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS ENTERED INTO IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS:**\nOur Political Constitution, in its chapter on \"Social Rights and Guarantees,\" enshrines the protection of freedom of association (libertad sindical) in its three spheres (freedom to associate into autonomous organizations for the defense of the rights of workers or employers, freedom to collectively bargain, and freedom to exercise the right to strike and lockout), as an essential element that contributes to the sustainability of the social and legal system that governs our country. Thus, Article 60 of the Magna Carta provides: \"*Both employers and workers may freely form unions (sindicalizarse), for the exclusive purpose of obtaining and preserving economic, social, or professional benefits./Foreigners are prohibited from exercising leadership or authority in the unions*.\" For its part, numeral 62 elevates the right to engage in collective bargaining to constitutional status, by stating that: \"*Collective labor agreements (convenciones colectivas de trabajo) that are concluded, in accordance with the law, between employers or employers' unions and legally organized workers' unions shall have the force of law*.\" As part of the strengthening of the constitutional block (bloque de constitucionalidad) in matters of freedom of association, our country has signed a series of international treaties that guarantee the protection of this freedom for lawful purposes for all persons, logically including workers, as established by the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (Bogotá, May 1948) in its Article XXII.- \"*Every person has the right to associate with others to promote, exercise and protect his legitimate interests of a political, economic, religious, social, cultural, professional, labor union or any other nature*.\" In a similar vein, Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Paris, December 1948) recognizes the right of association: *Article 20.1- Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association*. For its part, Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (New York, December 1966) states, relevantly: *Article 22.- 1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of association with others, including the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests*. Expanding on the subject, Article 16 of the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San José, November 1969) provides: *Article 16. 1. Everyone has the right to associate freely for ideological, religious, political, economic, labor, social, cultural, sports, or other purposes*. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has also been interested in reaffirming this right—referring specifically to the freedom of association for the defense of union or professional interests—by adopting Conventions and Recommendations, in an effort to have States recognize it and, in turn, implement effective mechanisms for its protection. In this vein, the country has ratified, and they are fully in force as part of the domestic legal system, Convention 87, concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise; and Convention 98, concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organise and to Bargain Collectively (both ratified by Law number 2561, of May 11, 1960). Now, in accordance with the jurisprudence emanating from the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) itself, which equally integrates that constitutional block (Article 13 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction), the right of workers who work for any state agency (organized under a public or private law regime) to enter into collective agreements (convenciones colectivas) has nuances that differentiate it from the exercise of this right in the realm of private employment, given the special nature governing the State's relations with its servants or workers. Thus, vote 1696-92 of 15:30 hours on August 23, 1992, stated: \"*XI. In the opinion of the Chamber, then, Articles 191 and 192 of the Political Constitution base the existence, in principle, of an employment regime governed by Public Law within the public sector, as is clear from the debate in the National Constituent Assembly and is incipiently included in the General Law of Public Administration. This public employment regime necessarily entails consequences derived from the nature of that relationship, with its own general principles, which are not only different from those of (private) labor law but are often contrary to them. Obviously, the declaration contained in this judgment covers the employment relationship that exists between the administration (or rather, public administrations) and its servants, but in those sectors where there is a (rational) regulation that refers to a private employment regime, the solution must be different. In those cases, there would be submission to arbitration procedures, but with certain limitations, such as that they cannot dispense with or make exceptions to laws, regulations, or governmental directives in force, so even in these cases, decisions (awards) in equity would not be appropriate, nor tribunals formed by non-lawyers*.\"\n\n<span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline\">However, the development of legal ideas, the adoption of conventions promoted by the International Labour Organization, and the jurisprudence of this Chamber have led the evolution of the institutions involved to the point of admitting as compatible with Constitutional Law, the collective agreements may be negotiated by the category of employees and servants who, despite being part of the public sector, govern their relations by Labor Law, especially under the terms of the definitions contained in Articles 111 and 112 of the General Law of Public Administration, that is, when dealing with companies or economic services of the State charged with activities subject to common Law, as well as the service relationships with laborers, workers, and employees who do not participate in the public management of the Administration and who are governed by labor or commercial law, as the case may be. It is in this sense that the consultation is resolved, but warning, however, that it is for the Administration itself, for legal operators in general, and ultimately for the Judge, when hearing specific cases, to determine whether a State institution or a group of its servants or officials form the core of the exception that can collectively bargain, or whether, on the contrary, that path is forbidden to them. And finally, according to what the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) has expressed in its report, which this Chamber also accepts, the personnel working in the Municipalities of the country are limited in terms of collective bargaining, under the terms of this judgment, since, unless proven otherwise, they are public servants governed by the public employment relationship.(...)”</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> (emphasis added by the drafter).</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> From what has been expressed by the high Constitutional Court, it can be concluded that the possibility of negotiating collective agreements is not limited for every worker who works for the administration, but only for those who, from their position, carry out “public management.” Thus, by way of example, the Constitutional Chamber has said that those who work for State companies can indeed bargain collectively in accordance with the provisions that inform Collective Labor Law, as is the case of the Atlantic Port Administration Board “JAPDEVA” (vote no. 6730 of 14:45 hours on May 17, 2002), and likewise those who work for “the economic services of the State” charged with matters subject to common Law, as is the case with the Social Protection Board (vote no. 6727 of 14:52 hours on May 17, 2006), public universities (vote no. 1144 of 15:21 hours on January 30, 2007), state banks (vote no. 1145 of 15:22 hours on January 30, 2007), municipal corporations (vote no. 18485 of 18:02 minutes on December 19, 2007), the Costa Rican Petroleum Refinery S.A. “RECOPE” (votes nos. 2000-7730 of 14:47 hours on August 30, 2000 and 3936 of 14:49 hours on March 12, 2008). Now, the individualization of workers excluded from the possibility of collective bargaining, and therefore, from benefiting from the rights incorporated into this type of collective instrument, has been defined by the Constitutional Chamber itself as a matter of mere legality, whose determination corresponds to the administration itself and, ultimately, to the judge.</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> In that sense, this Chamber, in strict adherence to the provisions of Article 13 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, has issued some parameters in response to specific cases to define whether a particular State worker (or group of workers) is or is not able to define, through the instrument of collective bargaining, their conditions of employment, always starting from the premise established by the Constitutional Chamber, which reaffirms the possibility of collective bargaining held by laborers, workers, and employees who do not participate in the public management of the administration, as well as for the employees of companies or economic services of the State charged with activities subject to common law. (See, in this regard from this Chamber, vote no. 0008 of 10:05 hours on January 6, 2010).</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">Specifically referring to the subjective scope of application of the Collective Agreement, once the possibility of signing this type of agreement in municipal corporations has been recognized (under the protection of the constitutional block), this Chamber has established which municipal officials are outside the scope of the application of the collective instrument, based on the particularities associated with the type of work the person performs for the local government, thus those who are in charge of carrying out the public management of the municipality, or those who execute acts of government, may not benefit from the conventional norms in force in the municipal entity.</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> Thus, in vote no. 550 of 9:55 hours on August 15, 2007, it was stated: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic\\\">V.-</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> Which public servants are excluded from collective bargaining, that is, which are those for whom the path of collective labor law is closed off, to establish the conditions of their employment? The doctrine of the judgment in comment, No. 4453-2000, follows a classificatory or taxonomic orientation of rights; according to which there would be groups of servants who would be excluded from the collective agreements that are entered into. The majority of this Chamber understands that those servants are those who participate in public management, that is, those who lead and direct the powers of the State, the heads of autonomous institutions, executive presidencies, as well as the top management (managerial group) of State companies, etc., which is due to the need to ensure the continuity of the operation of the Public Administration, constituted by the State, and the other public entities (Articles 1 and 4 of the General Law of Public Administration), as well as to avoid conflicts of interest due to the dual condition of workers and heads of the Administration. Also excluded would be servants who, due to their participation in collective bargaining, may be directly benefited from those negotiations, a matter which of course is not advisable. (Cf. Constitutional Chamber, judgment No. 2531-94 of 15:42 hours of May 31, 1994). Executive Decree No. 29576 of May 31, 2001, called Regulations for the Negotiation of Collective Agreements in the Public Sector, provides in its Article 6, paragraph 2: ‘No person who is to receive, actually or potentially, any benefit from the collective agreement that is signed may form part of that delegation (employer representation).’</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> The Law Against Corruption and Illicit Enrichment in the Public Function, No. 8422 of October 6, 2004, incorporates this doctrine in the following terms: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic\\\">Article 48.- Legislation or administration for one’s own benefit.</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> … The same shall apply to anyone who favors their spouse, partner, companion, or cohabitant, or their relatives, up to the third degree of consanguinity or affinity, or favors themselves, with patrimonial benefits contained in collective agreements, in whose negotiation they participated as a representative of the employer side.”</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> Translated all of the above to the</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\"> municipal sphere, those responsible for public management would then be excluded from the norms of a collective bargaining process, such as the municipal mayor, the council members (regidores), district representatives (síndicos), who are officials of popular election (Article 586, paragraph 2, of the Labor Code, in relation to Articles 12 and 14 of the Municipal Code, Law No. 7794 of April 30, 1998), and members of the municipal government (Article 169 of the Political Constitution, and Article 3 of the Municipal Code), as well as those officials who, by the exercise of their positions, have had direct participation in the negotiation of the collective agreement</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”. This interpretation is harmonious with what was decided by the Constitutional Chamber, which, upon recognizing the possibility of collective bargaining in municipal corporations, strengthened this right for their workers, and therefore, a restrictive interpretation in this sphere (adjusted to the statutory regime that governs them) would lead us to completely empty it of its essential minimum content, which in the end would be contrary to the very theory of the progressiveness of fundamental rights (according to which there exists a duty of the State to achieve ever higher levels in the satisfaction of social rights through gradualism and progressiveness, avoiding all types of regressive measures in their satisfaction) developed by the High Constitutional Court in its jurisprudence (see on this subject, from the Constitutional Chamber, votes nos. 2771 of 11:40 hours on April 4, 2003, 10553 of 14:54 hours on July 1, 2009, 4806 of 14:50 hours on March 10, 2010).”</span></p><p style=\\\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt\\\"><span> </span></p></div></body></html>\n\nThus, the constitutional court first establishes a difference between the exercise of the collective rights of State employees and workers subject to a private employment regime, and likewise makes a distinction regarding access to the exercise of collective labor rights within the Public Administration, between workers who carry out public management (gestión pública) and those who, although working for a state agency, are considered workers subject to ordinary labor law, establishing that the possibility of signing collective bargaining agreements (convenciones colectivas) is barred for the former, but not for the latter. This position was reaffirmed in vote 3053 of 9:45 a.m. on June 24, 1994, where, specifically referring to the possibility of signing collective bargaining agreements in state agencies, it stated: “(…) It is not appropriate to grant, because it has already been resolved to the contrary in the aforementioned unconstitutionality action, the amparo requested regarding the denial of collective bargaining opposed to the \"public servants\" of [Name1]. But the petitioning Union can be granted amparo insofar as the Procuraduría's resolution of June 24, 1993 (see folios 134 to 139), should have reconsidered ex officio the opinion rendered on December 12, 1985 (subsection b of Article 3 of the Ley Orgánica de la Procuraduría General de la República) and distinguished between public officials and workers who do not participate in the public management of the administration, because subjecting them all to the aforementioned prohibition contradicts the ruling cited several times and the guarantee provided by Article 62 of the Constitución Política, obviously with the understanding that determining the category of workers who do not participate in the public management of the administration is a question of mere legality.” (Emphasis not in original). Later, by virtue of a constitutional consultation filed by this Chamber, the Sala Constitucional in its vote 4453-2000 of 2:56 p.m. on May 24, 2000, following the trend set by the votes transcribed above, concludes that: “Based on all the foregoing and by way of summary, the Chamber reaches the following conclusions: in exercising the competence of supreme interpreter of the Constitución Política, when examining the issue of the State's administrative organization and structure and the appropriateness or not of collective bargaining agreements in the public sector, the Chamber cannot limit itself solely to the application of the provisions that make up the Chapter on so-called 'Garantías Sociales'. It is also necessary to examine this legal institution in coordination with the principles contained in Articles 191 and 192 of the Constitución Política; in performing this exercise, the full conviction is acquired that the will of the constituent, following the historical line of the development of Labor Law institutions, was to abstract public sector servants from the general rules that inform Collective Labor Law, subjecting them to a special public employment relationship, also commonly called a 'statutory relationship' (relación estatutaria), which is governed by Public Law. This implies, undoubtedly and as a general thesis, that no public official can negotiate their employment conditions as if it were a contractual nexus subject to Labor Law. However, the development of legal ideas, the adoption of conventions promoted by the International Labour Organization, and the jurisprudence of this Chamber, have led the evolution of the institutions involved to the level of admitting as compatible with Constitutional Law the collective bargaining agreements negotiated by the category of employees and servants who, despite being part of the public sector, govern their relations by Labor Law, especially under the terms of the definitions contained in Articles 111 and 112 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, that is, when dealing with State economic enterprises or services entrusted with matters subject to ordinary law, as well as service relations with laborers, workers, and employees who do not participate in the public management of the Administration and who are governed by labor or commercial law, as appropriate. It is in this sense that the consultation is resolved, but warning, however, that it is up to the Administration itself, to legal practitioners in general, and ultimately to the Judge, when hearing specific cases, to determine whether a State institution or a group of its servants or officials make up the nucleus of the exception that can bargain collectively, or if, on the contrary, that path is barred to them. And finally, according to what the Procuraduría General de la República has expressed in its report, which this Chamber also adopts, personnel working in the country's Municipalities are restricted from collective bargaining, under the terms of this judgment, since, barring proof to the contrary, they are public servants governed by the public employment relationship.(…)” (emphasis added by the drafter). From what has been expressed by the high Constitutional Court, it can be concluded that the possibility of negotiating collective bargaining agreements is not limited for every worker who works for the administration, but only for those who, from their position, carry out \"public management.\" Thus, by way of example, the Sala Constitucional has said that those who work for State enterprises can indeed bargain collectively in accordance with the provisions that inform Collective Labor Law, as is the case of the Junta de Administración Portuaria de la Vertiente Atlántica “JAPDEVA” (vote no. 6730 of 2:45 p.m. on May 17, 2002), likewise those who work for \"State economic services\" entrusted with matters subject to ordinary law, as occurs with the Junta de Protección Social (vote no. 6727 of 2:52 p.m. on May 17, 2006), public universities (vote no. 1144 of 3:21 p.m. on January 30, 2007), state banks (vote no. 1145 of 3:22 p.m. on January 30, 2007), municipal corporations (vote no. 18485 of 6:02 p.m. on December 19, 2007), Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo S.A. “RECOPE” (votes nos. 2000-7730 of 2:47 p.m. on August 30, 2000 and 3936 of 2:49 p.m. on March 12, 2008). Now, the individualization of workers excluded from the possibility of bargaining collectively, and therefore, from benefiting from the rights incorporated within this type of collective instruments, has been defined by the same Sala Constitucional as a matter of mere legality, whose determination corresponds to the administration itself and ultimately to the judge. In that sense, this Chamber, in strict adherence to the provisions of Article 13 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, has issued some parameters in light of specific cases to define whether a particular State worker (or group of workers) is or is not enabled to define, through the instrument of collective bargaining, their employment conditions, always starting from the premise set by the Sala Constitucional, which reaffirms the possibility of collective bargaining for laborers, workers, and employees who do not participate in the public management of the administration, as well as for employees of State economic enterprises or services entrusted with matters governed by ordinary law. (See in this regard from this Chamber vote no. 0008 of 10:05 a.m. on January 6, 2010). Specifically referring to the subjective scope of application of the Collective Bargaining Agreement (Convención Colectiva), once the possibility of signing such agreements in municipal corporations has been recognized (under the constitutionality block), this Chamber has established which municipal officials are left out of the application of the collective instrument, based on the particularities associated with the type of work the person performs for the local government, such that those in charge of carrying out the municipality's public management, or those who execute acts of government, cannot benefit from the conventional norms in force in the municipal entity. Thus, in vote no. 550 of 9:55 a.m. on August 15, 2007, it was said: “V.- Which public servants are excluded from collective bargaining, that is, which are those for whom the path of collective labor law is closed, to establish their employment conditions? The doctrine of the commentary judgment, No. 4453-2000, follows a classificatory or taxonomic orientation of rights; according to which there would be groups of servants who would be excluded from the collective bargaining agreements that are entered into. The majority of this Chamber understands that those servants are those who participate in public management, that is, those who lead and direct the powers of the State, the heads of autonomous institutions, executive presidencies, as well as the heads (managerial group) of State enterprises, etc., which is due to the need to ensure the continuity of the functioning of the Public Administration, constituted by the State and other public entities (Articles 1 and 4 of the Ley General de Administración Pública), as well as to avoid conflicts of interest due to the dual condition of workers and heads of the Administration. Also excluded would be servants who, due to their participation in collective bargaining, could be directly benefited by those negotiations, a matter that is certainly not advisable. (Cf. Sala Constitucional, judgment No. 2531-94 of 3:42 p.m. on May 31, 1994). Decreto Ejecutivo No. 29576 of May 31, 2001, called Reglamento para la Negociación de Convenciones Colectivas en el Sector Público, provides in its Article 6, paragraph 2: 'No person who is to actually or potentially receive any benefit from the collective bargaining agreement that is signed may be part of that delegation (employer representation).' The Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública, No. 8422 of October 6, 2004, incorporates this doctrine in the following terms: 'Article 48.- Legislation or administration for one's own benefit. … The same shall apply to whoever favors their spouse, partner, or cohabitant or their relatives, including up to the third degree of consanguinity or affinity, or favors themselves, with pecuniary benefits contained in collective bargaining agreements, in whose negotiation they participated as a representative of the employer side.' Translating all of the foregoing to the municipal sphere, only those responsible for public management would then be excluded from the norms of a collective bargaining, such as the municipal mayor, the council members (regidores), district representatives (síndicos), who are officials of popular election (Article 586, paragraph 2, of the Código de Trabajo, in relation to Articles 12 and 14 of the Código Municipal, Law No. 7794 of April 30, 1998), and members of the municipal government (Article 169 of the Constitución Política, and Article 3 of the Código Municipal), as well as those officials who, by the exercise of their positions, had a direct participation in negotiating the collective bargaining agreement.” This interpretation is harmonious with what was resolved by the Sala Constitucional, which, upon recognizing the possibility of bargaining collectively in municipal corporations, strengthened this right for their workers, and therefore, a restrictive interpretation in this area (adjusted to the statutory regime that governs them), would lead us to completely empty it of its essential minimum content, which would ultimately be contrary to the very theory of progressivity of fundamental rights (according to which there is a duty of the State to achieve increasingly higher levels in the satisfaction of social rights through gradualism and progressivity, avoiding all kinds of regressive measures in their satisfaction) developed by the High Constitutional Court in its jurisprudence (see on the matter, from the Sala Constitucional, votes nos. 2771 of 11:40 a.m. on April 4, 2003, 10553 of 2:54 p.m. on July 1, 2009, 4806 of 2:50 p.m. on March 10, 2010).\"\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt\"><span> </span></p></div></body></html>\""
}