{
  "id": "nexus-ext-1-0034-147213",
  "citation": "Res. 00078-2013 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI",
  "section": "nexus_decisions",
  "doc_type": "court_decision",
  "title_es": "Uso indebido del cargo por funcionario al fiscalizar aduanas de agencia de su cónyuge",
  "title_en": "Customs official improperly overseeing spouse's agency",
  "summary_es": "El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección VI, rechaza la demanda de un funcionario aduanero despedido por revisar declaraciones (DUA's) de una agencia aduanera cuya accionista y gerente era su esposa. La sentencia analiza (i) la prescripción y caducidad de la potestad disciplinaria; (ii) los deberes de probidad, objetividad e imparcialidad del servidor público; (iii) el principio de tipicidad en el derecho administrativo sancionador; y (iv) los vicios formales del acto de despido. Concluye que la Administración actuó dentro del plazo, que la conducta del actor quebrantó los principios constitucionales y legales de probidad al no inhibirse en asuntos donde su cónyuge tenía interés directo, y que la falta cometida por negligencia justificó la pérdida de confianza y el despido. El Tribunal desestima todos los alegatos del actor y confirma la legalidad del acto administrativo impugnado.",
  "summary_en": "The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, Section VI, dismisses the lawsuit of a customs official fired for reviewing import declarations (DUA's) of a customs agency whose shareholder and manager was his wife. The ruling analyzes (i) prescription and expiration of the disciplinary power; (ii) the public servant's duties of probity, objectivity, and impartiality; (iii) the principle of specificity in administrative sanctioning law; and (iv) the formal defects of the dismissal decision. It holds that the Administration acted timely, that the plaintiff's conduct breached constitutional and statutory probity rules by failing to recuse himself where his spouse had a direct interest, and that negligence justified loss of trust and dismissal. All arguments are rejected and the challenged administrative decision is upheld.",
  "court_or_agency": "Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI",
  "date": "2013",
  "year": "2013",
  "topic_ids": [
    "_off-topic"
  ],
  "primary_topic_id": "_off-topic",
  "es_concept_hints": [
    "probidad",
    "inhibición",
    "recusación",
    "declaración aduanera (DUA)",
    "conflicto de interés",
    "derivación de responsabilidad administrativa",
    "prescripción de la acción disciplinaria",
    "Artículo 49 del Código Procesal Civil (impedimento por interés del cónyuge)"
  ],
  "concept_anchors": [
    {
      "article": "Art. 191",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 192",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 603",
      "law": "Código de Trabajo"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 111",
      "law": "Ley General de la Administración Pública"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 113",
      "law": "Ley General de la Administración Pública"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 114",
      "law": "Ley General de la Administración Pública"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 49",
      "law": "Código Procesal Civil"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 3",
      "law": "Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública"
    }
  ],
  "keywords_es": [
    "despido",
    "funcionario aduanero",
    "probidad",
    "imparcialidad",
    "inhibición",
    "conflicto de interés",
    "falta disciplinaria",
    "declaración aduanera",
    "deber de probidad",
    "prescripción disciplinaria",
    "Ley contra la Corrupción 8422",
    "artículo 49 CPC",
    "interés directo del cónyuge"
  ],
  "keywords_en": [
    "dismissal",
    "customs officer",
    "probity",
    "impartiality",
    "recusal",
    "conflict of interest",
    "disciplinary offense",
    "customs declaration",
    "duty of probity",
    "disciplinary prescription",
    "Anti-Corruption Law 8422",
    "Article 49 CPC",
    "spouse direct interest"
  ],
  "excerpt_es": "El reproche está en que conociendo el actor que su esposa es la accionista y gerente con las facultades dichas del Agente Aduanero, no se inhibió, separó o apartó de tramitar las DUA'S. Su participación en tales condiciones, ponen en duda los principios de igualdad e imparcialidad u objetividad, pues es muy posible o nada excluye que se dispensara un trato más expedito, privilegiado o acelerado, respecto de los demás Agentes. Según consta a folios 103 a 108, entre las funciones que tenía el actor estaban las de revisar la documentación que presentaran los Agentes, con el fin de determinar la obligación tributaria correspondiente, rectificarlas, determinar la correcta clasificación arancelaria, el valor y el monto de los tributos. En un caso como este, en el fondo, esos deberes y obligaciones no fueron ejecutados correctamente, tal cual correspondía, o, dicho en sentido inverso, fueron ejecutados de manera que generaron faltantes de impuestos, y por ende, dudas razonables respecto de la rectitud y probidad con que se hizo. Es precisamente esas inconsistencias las que demuestran la gravedad de la falta incurrida.",
  "excerpt_en": "The reproach lies in the fact that, knowing his wife was the shareholder and manager of the Customs Agent, the plaintiff did not recuse or remove himself from processing the DUAs. His participation under those conditions casts doubt on the principles of equality, impartiality, and objectivity, since it is very possible—or nothing rules out—that more expeditious, privileged, or accelerated treatment was given compared to other Agents. As reflected in folios 103‑108, the plaintiff’s duties included reviewing documentation submitted by Agents in order to determine the corresponding tax obligation, correct it, and establish the proper tariff classification, value, and tax amount. In a case like this, at bottom, those duties and obligations were not correctly discharged as required, or conversely, they were performed in a manner that created tax shortfalls and thus reasonable doubts as to the rectitude and probity of the actions. It is precisely those inconsistencies that demonstrate the seriousness of the breach.",
  "outcome": {
    "label_en": "Denied",
    "label_es": "Sin lugar",
    "summary_en": "The lawsuit is dismissed. The Tribunal upholds the legality of the customs officer's dismissal for breach of the duty of probity when auditing declarations of an agency entirely owned by his spouse.",
    "summary_es": "Se declara sin lugar la demanda. El Tribunal confirma la legalidad del despido del funcionario aduanero por infracción al deber de probidad al fiscalizar declaraciones de una agencia cuyo capital pertenecía a su esposa."
  },
  "pull_quotes": [
    {
      "context": "Considerando Tercero",
      "quote_en": "The shortness of the period responds to the need to ensure continuity of the labor relationship; it is grounded on public-policy reasons tied to the heightened protection that the fundamental rights at stake receive under the Constitution.",
      "quote_es": "La brevedad o fugacidad del plazo obedece a la necesidad de darle continuidad a la relación obrero patronal; se inspira en razones de orden público vinculadas a la tutela reforzada que constitucionalmente reciben los derechos fundamentales implicados."
    },
    {
      "context": "Considerando Octavo",
      "quote_en": "The reproach lies in the fact that, knowing his wife was the shareholder and manager of the Customs Agent, the plaintiff did not recuse or remove himself from processing the DUAs. His participation under those conditions casts doubt on the principles of equality, impartiality, and objectivity.",
      "quote_es": "El reproche está en que conociendo el actor que su esposa es la accionista y gerente con las facultades dichas del Agente Aduanero, no se inhibió, separó o apartó de tramitar las DUA'S. Su participación en tales condiciones, ponen en duda los principios de igualdad e imparcialidad u objetividad."
    },
    {
      "context": "Considerando Octavo",
      "quote_en": "The attributed loss of objective trust has been proved and characterized as negligence or breach of the duty of care.",
      "quote_es": "La pérdida de confianza objetiva atribuida, se ha demostrado y configurado a título de negligencia o falta al deber de cuidado."
    }
  ],
  "cites": [],
  "cited_by": [],
  "references": {
    "internal": [],
    "external": []
  },
  "source_url": "https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/ext-1-0034-147213",
  "tier": 2,
  "_editorial_citation_count": 0,
  "regulations_by_article": null,
  "amendments_by_article": null,
  "dictamen_by_article": null,
  "concordancias_by_article": null,
  "afectaciones_by_article": null,
  "resoluciones_by_article": null,
  "cited_by_votos": [],
  "cited_norms": [],
  "cited_norms_inverted": [
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-24284",
      "norm_num": "7494",
      "norm_name": "Ley de Contratación Administrativa",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "02/05/1995"
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-25886",
      "norm_num": "7557",
      "norm_name": "Ley General de Aduanas",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "20/10/1995"
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-53738",
      "norm_num": "8422",
      "norm_name": "Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "06/10/2004"
    }
  ],
  "sentencias_relacionadas": [],
  "temas_y_subtemas": [],
  "cascade_only": false,
  "amendment_count": 0,
  "body_es_text": "“Tercero:\r\nQue desde el escrito inicial de demanda, la parte actora viene alegando\r\nviolación al plazo de un mes previsto en el artículo 603 CT, para el ejercicio\r\nde la potestad sancionadora disciplinaria en cabeza del patrono contra su\r\nsubordinado. Como bien se comprende, en materia disciplinaria en general hay al\r\nmenos tres plazos identificables en el actuar de la Administración; un\r\nplazo inicial para abrir la investigación desde que se tiene conocimiento del\r\nhecho o falta; otro para instruir, substanciar o tramitar el procedimiento\r\nrespectivo, y otro para imponer la sanción y su ejecución (Cfr.\r\nSala Constitucional, sentencia 2006-13926 de 14.44 horas de 20 de septiembre de\r\n2006, considerando VII, y Sala II de la Corte Suprema de\r\nJusticia, sentencia #2004-00671 de 9.20 horas de 18 de agosto). Ese artículo\r\n603 en cuanto dispone \n\r\n\r\n\n“Los\r\nderechos y acciones de los patronos para despedir justificadamente a los\r\ntrabajadores o para disciplinar sus faltas prescriben en un mes, que\r\ncomenzará a correr desde que se dio causa para la separación o, en su\r\ncaso, desde que fueron conocidos los hechos que dieron lugar a la corrección\r\ndisciplinaria.”, efectivamente bloquea el paso al inicio tardío de acciones\r\nencaminadas a sancionar o castigar faltas, activas u omisivas.\r\nLa brevedad o fugacidad del plazo obedece a la necesidad de darle continuidad a\r\nla relación obrero patronal; se inspira en razones de orden público vinculadas\r\na la tutela reforzada que constitucionalmente reciben los derechos\r\nfundamentales implicados (Título V, Derechos y garantías sociales, capítulo\r\núnico , artículos 50 a\r\n74), y que a nivel legal desarrolla la legislación ordinaria a través del\r\nprincipio protector que subyace en el artículo 17 CT que obliga a interpretar y\r\naplicar las normas en el sentido más favorable al trabajador (Cfr. Sala Constitucional, sentencia #5969-93 de 15.21 horas\r\nde 16 de noviembre de 1993, considerando I). De modo que aquellas faltas\r\nconocidas que no sean oportunamente perseguidas han de tenerse como perdonadas.\r\nEs decir, si la potestad sancionadora disciplinaria no se ejercita dentro del\r\nplazo legalmente establecido, se extingue, perime o\r\nfenece. Y si se ejerciera oportunamente, se interrumpe con efecto continuado\r\ndurante la tramitación, instrucción o substanciación del procedimiento, y\r\nvuelve a nacer a partir de que, quien deba decidir o resolver, esté en\r\ncondiciones objetivas de ejercer la potestad decisoria (doctrina de los\r\nartículos 51 del Reglamento Autónomo de Servicio del INA\r\nde 28 de enero de 1982 y sus reformas, en relación con los numerales 211 de la Ley Orgánica del\r\nPoder Judicial, 164 del Código Notarial, y 71 de la Ley Orgánica de la Contraloría General\r\nde la República;\r\nsentencia #2006-013926 supra citada).” (Caso\r\n#11-003789-1027-CA). \n\r\n\r\n\n En\r\nel caso, la pretensión se reduce a que se declare “la caducidad del derecho del\r\nEstado para iniciar la acción de despido”. En ausencia de norma\r\nespecífica en la Ley\r\n General de Aduanas (Título X), y su legislación supletoria\r\n(Código de Normas y Procedimientos Tributarios, Título III),\r\ndebe aplicarse el mismo plazo de prescripción del mes, a la caducidad, en cuanto norma más favorable para el trabajador o servidor\r\npúblico. Si quien tiene conocimiento de hechos constitutivos de faltas\r\ncometidas por el trabajador o servidor, y debe adoptar las medidas correctivas\r\ndisciplinarias, no actúa, necesariamente el derecho interviene como instrumento\r\nde paz social y seguridad jurídica, bloqueando el ejercicio tardío de la acción\r\ndisciplinaria. En este caso ese plazo tampoco pudo operarse, según el recuento\r\nde antecedentes expuestos para la prescripción; la Administración\r\naduanera actúo oportunamente, una vez que tuvo conocimiento del hecho. \n\r\n\r\n\n Cuarto: Sobre\r\nlas cuestiones de fondo planteadas. Que por lo que al fondo del asunto\r\nconcierne, se advierte que el actor en su demanda critica tanto el motivo como el\r\ncontenido del acto de despido; a su entender, el hecho de que en cumplimiento\r\nde sus labores revisara declaraciones aduaneras de la empresa “Agencias\r\nMarítimas SRL”, en la que figuraba su esposa como\r\ndueña del capital accionario, no envuelve ninguna anomalía o irregularidad;\r\naduce que esa Agencia no es titular de los derechos subjetivos implicados en la\r\ndeclaración aduanera, siendo solo un representante del importador, quien es en\r\ndefinitiva el sujeto pasivo del arancel; que la Agencia no ganaba ni perdía\r\ndinero; agrega que solo en 2 de 15 declaraciones investigadas se encontraron\r\nerrores de cálculo. En sus conclusiones orales resumió sus agravios en vicios\r\nde forma y fondo del acto; de estos puntualizó tres. El Tribunal de Servicio\r\nCivil, en su resolución final, # 11384 de 22 de septiembre de 2009, prohijada\r\npor el Tribunal de Trabajo, Sección Primera, en su resolución #191 de 29 de\r\njunio de 2010, tuvo por cierto los hechos atribuidos (hechos demostrados c} y\r\nd}), es decir, tuvo por demostrada la participación del actor en la tramitación\r\nde DUA'S de dicha Agencia; de donde concluyó que\r\nfaltó a los deberes del cargo. Este Tribunal concluye que los alegatos\r\nplanteados por la parte actora, no tienen la suficiente fuerza motriz para\r\nremover los actos administrativos impugnados. \n\r\n\r\n\n Quinto: Somera\r\nreferencia al Agente Aduanero como auxiliar de la Administración Pública\r\nAduanera. Que el Agente Aduanero es un auxiliar de la Administración Pública\r\nAduanera, instrumento y colaborador fundamental dentro del Sistema Aduanero\r\nNacional, cuyas competencias legales no solo lo facultan para actuar en nombre\r\ny representación de la\r\n Administración sino para adoptar decisiones capaces de\r\ndeterminar la obligación tributaria y, por tanto, capaces de incidir en la\r\nrecaudación fiscal; sobre su labor pesan controles administrativos\r\nirrenunciables, inmediatos, posteriores y permanentes (artículos 22, 23, 24,\r\n58, 59 y 86 LGA, en relación con el 59 y 66 LGAP, y sentencia N°\r\n246-F-S1-2011 de 8.40 horas de 10 de marzo del2011, Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de\r\nJusticia). Las funciones cuyo ejercicio la LGA encomienda al\r\nAgente Aduanero, son de una especial trascendencia para el fisco; la confianza\r\nque el legislador ha depositado en este auxiliar público, imponen desempeñarse\r\ndel modo que mejor satisfaga el interés general, sin errores, acciones u\r\nomisiones que puedan poner en peligro el sistema aduanero o que causen\r\nperjuicio. Para garantizar el funcionamiento de ese sistema, expulsando\r\nconductas al margen de la legalidad, la\r\n LGA incorpora un Título especial\r\nrelativo a los delitos aduaneros, las infracciones administrativas y\r\ntributarias aduaneras con penas o sanciones importantes dirigidas tanto a\r\nprevenir como a castigar los ilícitos que pudieran darse.\n\r\n\r\n\n Sexto: Sobre el\r\npersonal aduanero. Que el servidor público en general debe desempeñar\r\nsus funciones del modo que satisfagan primordialmente el interés público,\r\nconsiderado como la expresión de los intereses individuales coincidentes de los\r\nadministrados, el cual prevalecerá sobre el interés de la Administración\r\ncuando pudieren estar en conflicto. Ese servidor, al ejecutar los mandatos\r\nnormativos o las directivas administrativas, debe hacerlo con eficiencia y eficacia,\r\ncon el propósito de garantizar la efectiva satisfacción del interés general, a\r\npartir de un uso eficiente de los recursos institucionales; de modo que los\r\nactos, hechos u omisiones que por su culpa o negligencia ocasionen trabas u\r\nobstáculos injustificados o arbitrarios a los administrados, configuran\r\ndesempeño irregular del cargo (artículos 4º de la Ley de Contratación\r\nAdministrativa -LCA, 111, 113 y 114 de la Ley General de\r\nAdministración Pública -LGAP). En el caso “del\r\npersonal aduanero”, está obligado a conocer y aplicar la\r\nlegislación atinente a la actividad aduanera; en el desempeño del cargo, son\r\npersonalmente responsables ante el fisco por las sumas que deje de percibir por\r\nacciones u omisiones dolosas o por culpa grave, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades\r\nde carácter administrativo y penal en que incurran; su ingreso al Servicio se\r\nlogra a través de perfiles ocupacionales según lo determine el puesto a\r\ndesempeñar y los conocimientos documentales; gozan de una carrera\r\nadministrativa; están sujetos a rotación, de modo que sus servicios habrán de\r\nprestarlos en cualquier dependencia, según criterios técnicos; los funcionarios\r\ntécnicos están sujetos a prestar servicios en diferentes tareas dentro de la\r\nmisma clase de puesto, a fin de garantizar el conocimiento integral de las\r\noperaciones aduaneras (artículo 13\r\n a 21 LGA). Este modelo de\r\npersonal aduanero, exige tener conocimientos en materia técnica y legal; la\r\nestancia en un centro de trabajo, no impide su movilidad interna, los flujos de\r\npersonal, según las necesidades ocupacionales del Sistema, a partir de la\r\nconsideración de éste como un todo unitario y no como compartimentos\r\nestanco. \n\r\n\r\n\n Sétimo: Que las\r\nexigencias que emanan del principio de probidad, objetividad, transparencia o\r\nimparcialidad, trasciende las notas circulares o reglamentarias. Esos\r\nprincipios tienen una fuerte raigambre constitucional, tanto en las normas y\r\nprincipios que garantizan el acceso a los cargos públicos a partir de la\r\nidoneidad y capacidad comprobada (artículo 191 y 192), como especialmente en el\r\ndeber de rendición de cuentas, control y evaluación de resultados (artículo 11,\r\nsegún reforma introducida por Ley #8003 de 8 de junio del 2000). Su desarrollo\r\nlegislativo es abundante, bastando citar la Ley contra la Corrupción y el\r\nEnriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública, #8422 de 14 de septiembre de\r\n2004, publicada en la Gaceta\r\n#212 de 29 de octubre de 2004), cuyo artículo 3º alberga el deber de probidad;\r\ncon arreglo a éste, el funcionario público está obligado a orientar su gestión\r\na la satisfacción del interés público; a identificar y atender las necesidades\r\ncolectivas prioritarias de manera planificada, regular, eficiente, continua y\r\nen condiciones de igualdad para los habitantes de la República; a demostrar\r\nrectitud y buena fe en el ejercicio de las potestades que le confiere la ley;\r\nasegurarse de que las decisiones que adopte en cumplimiento de sus atribuciones\r\nse ajustan a la imparcialidad y a los objetivos propios de la institución; a\r\nadministrar los recursos públicos con apego a los principios de legalidad,\r\neficacia, economía y eficiencia, rindiendo cuentas satisfactoriamente. Las\r\ninfracciones a este deber, debidamente comprobadas y previa defensa,\r\nconstituyen justa causa para la separación del cargo público sin\r\nresponsabilidad (artículo 4º ibídem). Se está frente\r\na normas de un altísimo contenido ético y moral que propenden a que las\r\nactuaciones o acciones del servidor público sean arquetipo de conducta social,\r\nde calidad y eficiencia en la prestación de los servicios, en la ejecución de\r\nlas tareas encomendadas; de modo que ha de expulsarse aquellas conductas,\r\nacciones u omisiones que por la forma en que se ejecutan, por sus efectos o\r\nconsecuencias, resulten lesivas del interés general, de la objetividad e imparcialidad\r\nque nutre a la\r\n Administración Pública. Cómo se infringió o se tuvo por\r\ninfringido este principio en el caso a que se contrae este asunto, es cuestión\r\nque abordaremos en líneas siguientes.\n\r\n\r\n\n Octavo: Que en el\r\ncaso concreto, se atribuye al actor no haber demostrado rectitud y buena fe en\r\nel ejercicio de sus potestades aduaneras de fiscalización y control de las DUA'S. Se tuvo por demostrado que García Quirós, en\r\nejercicio del cargo, revisó quince declaraciones aduaneras tramitadas por la Agencia Marítima SRL, de la que su esposa Lidiette\r\nMaría Arias Córdoba, es accionista y gerente con facultades de apoderado\r\ngeneralísimo, con la representación judicial y extrajudicial, y que en dos se\r\nincurrió en faltante de los impuestos dejados de percibir. ¿Cómo se configuró\r\nla lesión legal atribuida? Si conforme se expresó en párrafos anteriores, el\r\nAgente de Aduanas, es un auxiliar de la función pública aduanera situado entre la Administración y el\r\nsujeto pasivo, encargado de determinar la obligación tributaria aduanera,\r\nfijando la cuantía del adeudo tributario, y el actor como trabajador o servidor\r\nde la Aduana,\r\nera el llamado a controlar y verificar el correcto ejercicio del cargo por\r\nparte del aquel, es evidente que la imparcialidad y rectitud le impedían\r\ntramitar DUA'S de un Agente Aduanero en el que su\r\nesposa figuraba como “dueña” de éste. El impedimento, la excusa y la\r\nrecusación, son los tres institutos procesales que garantizan la imparcialidad\r\nde los servidores públicos; en el primero, es la ley quien aleja al servidor\r\ndel caso; en el segundo es la parte quien lo separa, y en el tercero, el apartamiento tiene lugar por iniciativa del propio\r\nfuncionario. Esas causales estaban originalmente en la Ley Orgánica del\r\nPoder Judicial, las que luego pasaron al Código Procesal Civil -CPC (Ley #7130 de 16 de agosto de 1989); entre las causales\r\nde impedimento del funcionario público están: conocer asuntos en que tenga\r\ninterés directo, o en los que interesen de la misma manera a su cónyuge\r\n(artículo 49, inciso 1 y 2 CPC). El punto no está en\r\nsi la Agencia\r\n Marítima SRL es la dueña de las\r\nmercancías o el sujeto pasivo, si es ella la parte frente a la Administración,\r\ncuanto tampoco en si los beneficios del faltante de impuestos dejados de\r\npercibir por el Estado, fueron a dar a sus arcas. El reproche está en que\r\nconociendo el actor que su esposa es la accionista y gerente con las facultades\r\ndichas del Agente Aduanero, no se inhibió, separó o apartó de tramitar las DUA'S. Su participación en tales condiciones, ponen en duda\r\nlos principios de igualdad e imparcialidad u objetividad, pues es muy posible o\r\nnada excluye que se dispensara un trato más expedito, privilegiado o acelerado,\r\nrespecto de los demás Agentes. Según consta a folios 103 a 108, entre las\r\nfunciones que tenía el actor estaban las de revisar la documentación que\r\npresentaran los Agentes, con el fin de determinar la obligación tributaria\r\ncorrespondiente, rectificarlas, determinar la correcta clasificación\r\narancelaria, el valor y el monto de los tributos. En un caso como este, en el\r\nfondo, esos deberes y obligaciones no fueron ejecutados correctamente, tal cual\r\ncorrespondía, o, dicho en sentido inverso, fueron ejecutados de manera que\r\ngeneraron faltantes de impuestos, y por ende, dudas razonables respecto de la\r\nrectitud y probidad con que se hizo. Es precisamente\r\nesas inconsistencias las que demuestran la gravedad de la falta incurrida. No\r\nes posible que quien labora para el fisco y tiene la responsabilidad de velar\r\npor el cabal cumplimiento de las normas que rigen la materia, intervenga en\r\ncasos en los que su esposa tiene interés. De ahí que la pérdida de confianza\r\nobjetiva atribuida, se ha demostrado y configurado a título de negligencia o\r\nfalta al deber de cuidado. Lo expuesto hace inane determinar la verdadera\r\ncalificación de las acciones societarias como un bien ganancial, como una\r\nexpectativa y no como un derecho subjetivo, pues como se dijo, ese no es el\r\npunto sobre el que bascula la imputación de cargos.\n\r\n\r\n\n Noveno: Sobre\r\nel principio de tipicidad en el Derecho administrativo sancionador. Que el\r\nprincipio de tipicidad, tributario del Derecho penal y, más exactamente, del ius puniendi del\r\nEstado, se aplica en el ámbito del Derecho administrativo sancionador con\r\nciertos matices; su rigor se ablanda, constituyendo un catálogo más flexible y\r\nabierto. La Sala\r\n Constitucional lo concibe así:\n\r\n\r\n\n“III. EL PRINCIPIO DE TIPICIDAD EN EL REGIMEN DISCIPLINARIO. … En el derecho\r\ndisciplinario, en razón del fin que persigue, cual es la protección del orden\r\nsocial general, y de la materia que regula, --la disciplina-, la determinación\r\nde la infracción disciplinaria es menos exigente que la sanción penal, ya que\r\ncomprende hechos que pueden ser calificados como violación de los deberes del\r\nfuncionamiento, que en algunas legislaciones no están especificados, y, en\r\notras, sí. De manera que, el ejercicio de este poder es discrecional, de allí\r\nque proceda aplicar sanciones por cualquier falta a los deberes funcionales,\r\nsin necesidad de que estén detalladas concretamente como hecho sancionatorio, por lo cual, la enumeración que de los\r\nhechos punibles se haga vía reglamentaria no tiene carácter limitativo. Motivado\r\nen la variedad de causas que pueden generar su aplicación, en la imprecisión\r\nfrecuente de sus preceptos y en la esfera de aplicación, no siempre es orgánico\r\nni claro en la expresión literal, razón por la cual puede sancionarse\r\ndiscrecionalmente las faltas no previstas concretamente, pero que se entienden\r\nincluidas en el texto, siempre y cuando resulten de la comprobación de la falta\r\ndisciplinaria, mediante un procedimiento creado al efecto. La falta o\r\ninfracción disciplinaria se ha definido diciendo que es una violación al\r\nfuncionamiento de cualquier deber propio de su condición, aún cuando no haya\r\nsido especialmente definida aunque si prevista. Los hechos determinantes de las\r\nfaltas disciplinarias son innumerables, pues dependen de la índole de los\r\ncomportamientos o conductas de los sujetos \"subordinados\",\r\ncomportamientos o conductas en verdad ilimitados en número dada su variedad;\r\npor ello se deduce la existencia de tres elementos de la falta disciplinaria:\r\n1.- un elemento material: que es un acto o una omisión; 2.- un elemento moral:\r\nque es la imputación del acto a una voluntad libre; y 3.- un elemento formal:\r\nque es la perturbación al funcionamiento del servicio o afección inmediata o\r\nposible de su eficacia.” (Sentencia #5594-94 de 15.48 horas de 27 de\r\nseptiembre de 1994). \n\r\n\r\n\n En\r\nel caso subjudice, la falta atribuida, está prevista\r\nen la Ley #8422,\r\nartículos 3, 4, 38 y 41, fundamentalmente. De suerte tal que la tipicidad\r\naducida, no es de aceptación. \n\r\n\r\n\n Décimo: Que los\r\nvicios o defectos de forma que se atribuyen al acto, no tienen ni la\r\ntrascendencia ni las consecuencias que se afirma. Aparte de que ese informe DGH-TH-006-08-D/02-03, si\r\ncontiene la firma del funcionario a cargo del caso y un visto bueno de la Dirección General\r\nde Hacienda, como consta y lo alega la Procuraduría, es lo cierto que esa irregularidad\r\nno es de las que producen indefensión y en consecuencia, de las que generan\r\nnulidad absoluta, según el artículo 223 LGAP. El\r\ntraslado de cargos está debidamente fundamento; el actor tuvo amplia\r\noportunidad para ejercer su defensa ante la Dirección General\r\nde Servicio Civil. Y durante la elaboración de ese informe, no había porqué\r\ndarle audiencia y participación procesal, pues está claro que se trataba de\r\ndocumentar la evidencia necesaria para la posterior apertura del procedimiento\r\nadministrativo, como en efecto ocurrió. En presencia de una investigación\r\npreliminar, la parte ejerce su defensa en el procedimiento, tal cual aconteció.\n\r\n\r\n\n Décimo Primero:\r\nConclusiones y excepciones: Que en definitiva el Tribunal concluye que\r\nlos quebrantos aducidos por la parte actora, no se han producido. No hay mérito\r\npara anular los actos impugnados. La conducta administrativa se ha desarrollado\r\ncon regularidad jurídica; la falta atribuida, a título de negligencia, ha sido\r\ndemostrada; mediaron hechos que ponen en duda el objetivo e imparcial desempeño\r\ndel actor, todo lo cual conduce a desechar la demanda en todos sus extremos, lo\r\nmismo que las excepciones de pago y falta de interés actual, admitiéndose la de\r\nfalta de derecho. Aunque el actor ha manifestado inconformidad con la\r\ncalificación y graduación de la falta, pues a su entender no debió aplicarse el\r\ndespido sino una amonestación, dado que no se probó el dolo, lo cierto es que\r\nno dedujo ninguna pretensión en ese sentido, por lo que no tiene utilidad\r\nalguna ocuparse del tema.”",
  "body_en_text": "**Third:**\nThat from the initial complaint brief, the plaintiff has been alleging a violation of the one-month period provided for in Article 603 of the Labor Code (CT) for the exercise of the employer's disciplinary sanctioning power against its subordinate. As is well understood, in disciplinary matters in general, there are at least three identifiable time periods in the actions of the Administration: an initial period to open the investigation from when the fact or fault becomes known; another to instruct, substantiate, or process the respective administrative procedure (procedimiento); and another to impose the sanction and its execution (Cfr. Sala Constitucional, judgment 2006-13926 of 2:44 p.m. on September 20, 2006, Considering VII, and Sala II of the Corte Suprema de Justicia, judgment #2004-00671 of 9:20 a.m. on August 18). That Article 603, insofar as it provides\n\n“The rights and actions of employers to justifiably dismiss workers or to discipline their faults prescribe in one month, which shall begin to run from when cause for separation arose or, as the case may be, from when the facts giving rise to the disciplinary correction became known.”, effectively blocks the late initiation of actions aimed at sanctioning or punishing faults, whether active or by omission.\nThe brevity or fleetingness of the period is due to the need to give continuity to the employer-worker relationship; it is inspired by public order reasons linked to the heightened protection (tutela reforzada) that constitutionally receives the implicated fundamental rights (Title V, Social Rights and Guarantees (Derechos y garantías sociales), single chapter, articles 50 to 74), and that at the legal level, ordinary legislation develops through the protective principle underlying Article 17 of the Labor Code (CT), which mandates interpreting and applying norms in the sense most favorable to the worker (Cfr. Sala Constitucional, judgment #5969-93 of 3:21 p.m. on November 16, 1993, Considering I). Thus, those known faults that are not timely pursued must be considered forgiven. That is, if the disciplinary sanctioning power is not exercised within the legally established period, it is extinguished, perempted, or terminates. And if it were exercised in a timely manner, it is interrupted with a continued effect during the processing, instruction, or substantiation of the administrative procedure (procedimiento), and is born again from the moment when the person who must decide or resolve is in objective conditions to exercise the decision-making power (doctrine of articles 51 of the INA Autonomous Service Regulation of January 28, 1982 and its amendments, in relation to numerals 211 of the Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, 164 of the Notarial Code, and 71 of the Ley Orgánica de la Contraloría General de la República; judgment #2006-013926 cited supra).” (Case #11-003789-1027-CA).\n\nIn this case, the claim is reduced to a declaration of “the expiration (caducidad) of the State's right to initiate the dismissal action.” In the absence of a specific rule in the Ley General de Aduanas (Title X), and its supplementary legislation (Código de Normas y Procedimientos Tributarios, Title III), the same one-month statute of limitations (prescripción) period must be applied to the expiration (caducidad), as a rule more favorable to the worker or public servant.\n\nIf someone who is aware of facts constituting misconduct committed by the worker or servant, and must adopt corrective disciplinary measures, does not act, the law necessarily intervenes as an instrument of social peace and legal certainty, blocking the untimely exercise of the disciplinary *action*. In this case, that time limit could not have run either, according to the recount of background facts set forth for the statute of limitations; the Customs <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración\" w:st=\"on\">Administration</st1:PersonName> acted in a timely manner, once it became aware of the fact.\n\n**Fourth**: **On the substantive issues raised**. That as far as the merits of the matter are concerned, it is noted that the plaintiff in his complaint criticizes both the reason for and the content of the dismissal act; in his understanding, the fact that in the performance of his duties he reviewed customs declarations of the company “Agencias Marítimas <span class=SpellE>SRL</span>”, in which his wife appeared as the owner of the share capital, does not involve any anomaly or irregularity; he argues that this Agency is not the holder of the subjective rights involved in the customs declaration, being only a representative of the importer, who is ultimately the taxpayer; that <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Agencia\" w:st=\"on\">the Agency</st1:PersonName> neither gained nor lost money; he adds that calculation errors were found in only 2 of the 15 declarations investigated. In his oral conclusions he summarized his grievances as defects of form and substance of the act; of these he specified three. The Civil Service Tribunal, in its final resolution, # 11384 of September 22, 2009, endorsed by the Labor Tribunal, Section One, in its resolution #191 of June 29, 2010, accepted the attributed facts as true (proven facts c} and d}), that is, it accepted as proven the plaintiff's participation in the processing of <span class=SpellE>DUA'S</span> of said Agency; from which it concluded that he failed in his duties of office. This Court concludes that the arguments raised by the plaintiff lack sufficient driving force to overturn the challenged administrative acts.\n\n**Fifth**: **Brief reference to the Customs Agent as an auxiliary of the Public Customs <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración Pública\" w:st=\"on\">Administration</st1:PersonName>**. That the Customs Agent is an auxiliary of the Public Customs <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración Pública\" w:st=\"on\">Administration</st1:PersonName>, a fundamental instrument and collaborator within the National Customs System, whose legal powers not only authorize him to act in the name and on behalf of <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración\" w:st=\"on\">the Administration</st1:PersonName> but also to make decisions capable of determining the tax obligation and, therefore, capable of affecting tax collection; his work is subject to inalienable, immediate, subsequent, and permanent administrative controls (articles 22, 23, 24, 58, 59 and 86 <span class=SpellE>LGA</span>, in relation to 59 and 66 <span class=SpellE>LGAP</span>, and judgment <span class=SpellE>N°</span> 246-F-S1-2011 of 8:40 a.m. on March 10, 2011, First Chamber of <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Corte Suprema\" w:st=\"on\">the Supreme Court</st1:PersonName> of Justice). The functions whose exercise <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la LGA\" w:st=\"on\">the <span class=SpellE>LGA</span></st1:PersonName> entrusts to the Customs Agent are of special importance for the treasury; the trust that the legislator has placed in this public auxiliary demands performance in the manner that best satisfies the general interest, without errors, actions, or omissions that could endanger the customs system or cause harm. To guarantee the functioning of that system, by expelling conduct outside the law, <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la LGA\" w:st=\"on\">the <span class=SpellE>LGA</span></st1:PersonName> incorporates a special Title regarding customs crimes, administrative and tax customs infractions with significant penalties or sanctions aimed at both preventing and punishing illicit acts that may occur.\n\n**Sixth: On customs personnel**. That the public servant in general must perform his duties in a manner that primarily satisfies the public interest, considered as the expression of the coinciding individual interests of the administered, which shall prevail over the interest of the <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración\" w:st=\"on\">Administration</st1:PersonName> when they may be in conflict. That servant, when executing normative mandates or administrative directives, must do so with efficiency and effectiveness, with the purpose of guaranteeing the effective satisfaction of the general interest, based on an efficient use of institutional resources; so that the acts, facts, or omissions that through his fault or negligence cause unjustified or arbitrary obstacles or hindrances to the administered, constitute irregular performance of the position (articles 4 of the <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Ley\" w:st=\"on\">Law</st1:PersonName> on Administrative Procurement -<span class=SpellE>LCA</span>, 111, 113 and 114 of the <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Ley General\" w:st=\"on\">General Law</st1:PersonName> of Public Administration -<span class=SpellE>LGAP</span>). In the case “*of customs personnel*”, they are obligated to *know* and *apply* the legislation pertaining to customs activity; in the performance of their duties, they are personally responsible before the treasury for sums not received due to willful actions or omissions or gross negligence, without prejudice to the administrative and criminal responsibilities they may incur; their entry into the Service is achieved through occupational profiles according to what the position to be performed determines and documented knowledge; they enjoy an administrative career; they are subject to rotation, so that their services must be rendered in any unit, according to technical criteria; technical officials are subject to rendering services in different tasks within the same class of position, in order to guarantee comprehensive knowledge of customs operations (article 13 a to 21 <span class=SpellE>LGA</span>). This model of customs personnel requires having technical and legal knowledge; staying in one workplace does not prevent their internal mobility, the flow of personnel, according to the occupational needs of the System, based on considering it as a unitary whole and not as watertight compartments.\n\n**Seventh**: That the demands emanating from the principle of probity, objectivity, transparency, or impartiality transcend circular or regulatory notes. These principles have a strong constitutional foundation, both in the norms and principles that guarantee access to public positions based on proven suitability and capacity (articles 191 and 192), and especially in the duty of accountability, control, and evaluation of results (article 11, according to the amendment introduced by Ley #8003 of June 8, 2000). Their legislative development is abundant, suffice it to cite <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Ley\" w:st=\"on\">the Law</st1:PersonName> against <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Corrupción\" w:st=\"on\">Corruption</st1:PersonName> and Illicit Enrichment in the <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Función Pública\" w:st=\"on\">Public Service</st1:PersonName>, #8422 of September 14, 2004, published in <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Gaceta\" w:st=\"on\">La Gaceta</st1:PersonName> #212 of October 29, 2004), whose article 3 contains the duty of probity; according to this, the public official is obligated to orient his management toward the satisfaction of the public interest; to identify and attend to the priority collective needs in a planned, regular, efficient, continuous manner and under conditions of equality for the inhabitants of <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la República\" w:st=\"on\">the Republic</st1:PersonName>; to demonstrate rectitude and good faith in the exercise of the powers conferred on him by law; to ensure that the decisions he adopts in compliance with his attributions conform to impartiality and the objectives proper to the institution; to administer public resources in accordance with the principles of legality, effectiveness, economy, and efficiency, rendering accounts satisfactorily. Infractions of this duty, duly proven and after prior defense, constitute just cause for separation from the public position without liability (article 4 <span class=SpellE>ibidem</span>). We are before norms of a very high ethical and moral content that aim for the public servant's conduct or actions to be an archetype of social behavior, of quality and efficiency in the provision of services, in the execution of the tasks entrusted; so that those conducts, actions, or omissions that, due to the way they are executed, their effects, or consequences, are harmful to the general interest, to the objectivity and impartiality that nourishes the Public <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración Pública.\" w:st=\"on\">Administration</st1:PersonName>, must be expelled. How this principle was infringed or was deemed to have been infringed in the case at hand is a question we will address in the following lines.\n\n**Eighth**: That in the specific case, the plaintiff is accused of not having demonstrated rectitude and good faith in the exercise of his customs powers of supervision and control of the <span class=SpellE>DUA'S</span>. It was proven that García Quirós, in the exercise of his position, reviewed fifteen customs declarations processed by <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Agencia Marítima\" w:st=\"on\">Agencia Marítima</st1:PersonName> <span class=SpellE>SRL</span>, of which his wife <span class=SpellE>Lidiette</span> María Arias Córdoba, is a shareholder and manager with powers of generalísimo attorney-in-fact, with judicial and extrajudicial representation, and that in two there was a shortfall of uncollected taxes. How was the alleged legal injury configured? If, as expressed in previous paragraphs, the Customs Agent is an auxiliary of the public customs function, situated between <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración\" w:st=\"on\">the Administration</st1:PersonName> and the taxpayer, responsible for determining the customs tax obligation, fixing the amount of the tax debt, and the plaintiff, as a worker or servant of <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Aduana\" w:st=\"on\">Customs</st1:PersonName>, was the one called to control and verify the correct exercise of the position by the former, it is evident that impartiality and rectitude prevented him from processing <span class=SpellE>DUA'S</span> of a Customs Agent where his wife appeared as its “owner.” Impediment, excuse, and recusal are the three procedural institutions that guarantee the impartiality of public servants; in the first, it is the law that distances the servant from the case; in the second, it is the party who removes him, and in the third, the withdrawal takes place by initiative of the official himself. These grounds were originally in <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Ley Orgánica\" w:st=\"on\">the Organic Law</st1:PersonName> of the Judicial Branch, which later moved to the Code of Civil Procedure -<span class=SpellE>CPC</span> (Ley #7130 of August 16, 1989); among the grounds for impediment of the public official are: hearing matters in which he has a direct interest, or in those that interest his spouse in the same manner (article 49, inciso 1 and 2 <span class=SpellE>CPC</span>). The point is not whether <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Agencia Marítima\" w:st=\"on\">Agencia Marítima</st1:PersonName> <span class=SpellE>SRL</span> is the owner of the goods or the taxpayer, whether it is the *party* in relation to <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Administración\" w:st=\"on\">the Administration</st1:PersonName>, nor even whether the benefits from the shortfall of taxes not collected by the State went to its coffers. The reproach lies in the fact that the plaintiff, knowing that his wife is the shareholder and manager with said powers of the Customs Agent, did not disqualify himself, recuse himself, or withdraw from processing the <span class=SpellE>DUA'S</span>. His participation under such conditions casts doubt on the principles of equality and impartiality or objectivity, as it is very possible, or nothing rules out, that a more expeditious, privileged, or accelerated treatment was dispensed compared to other Agents. As recorded on pages <st1:metricconverter ProductID=\"103 a\" w:st=\"on\">103 to</st1:metricconverter> 108, among the plaintiff's duties were reviewing the documentation presented by the Agents, in order to determine the corresponding tax obligation, rectify them, and determine the correct tariff classification, value, and amount of taxes. In a case like this, at its core, those duties and obligations were not correctly executed, as they should have been, or, conversely, were executed in a manner that generated tax shortfalls, and therefore, reasonable doubts regarding the rectitude and probity with which it was done. It is precisely these inconsistencies that demonstrate the seriousness of the misconduct incurred. It is not possible for someone who works for the treasury and has the responsibility of ensuring full compliance with the rules governing the matter, to intervene in cases in which his spouse has an interest. Hence, the attributed loss of objective confidence has been demonstrated and constituted on the basis of negligence or breach of the duty of care. The foregoing renders it unnecessary to determine the true classification of the corporate shares as community property, as an expectation and not as a subjective right, since, as stated, that is not the point on which the imputation of charges hinges.\n\n**Ninth**: **On the principle of legality (tipicidad) in Administrative sanctioning law**. That the principle of legality (tipicidad), originating from Criminal Law and, more precisely, from the State's <span class=SpellE><i>ius</i></span> <span class=SpellE><i>puniendi</i></span>, is applied in the field of Administrative sanctioning law with certain nuances; its rigor is softened, constituting a more flexible and open catalog. <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"La Sala Constitucional\" w:st=\"on\">La Sala Constitucional</st1:PersonName> conceives it as follows:\n\n“<span class=SpellE><b><i>III</i></b></span><b><i>. THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY IN THE DISCIPLINARY REGIME</i></b><i>. … In disciplinary law, due to the purpose it pursues, which is the protection of the general social order, and the matter it regulates, --discipline--, the determination of the disciplinary infraction is less demanding than the criminal sanction, since it includes acts that can be classified as a violation of the duties of office, which in some legislations are not specified, and, in others, they are. So, the exercise of this power is discretionary, hence it is appropriate to apply sanctions for any breach of functional duties, without the need for them to be specifically detailed as a sanctionable act, for which reason, the enumeration of punishable acts made by regulation is not limitative. Motivated by the variety of causes that can generate its application, by the frequent imprecision of its precepts, and by the sphere of application, it is not always organic nor clear in literal expression, which is why breaches not specifically foreseen, but understood to be included in the text, may be sanctioned discretionally, as long as they result from the verification of the disciplinary infraction, through a procedure created for this purpose. The disciplinary infraction or misconduct has been defined as a violation of any duty inherent to one's condition, even if it has not been specially defined though foreseen. The determining facts of disciplinary infractions are innumerable, as they depend on the nature of the behaviors or conducts of the \"subordinate\" subjects, behaviors or conducts that are truly unlimited in number given their variety; therefore, the existence of three elements of disciplinary infraction is deduced: 1.- a material element: which is an act or an omission; 2.- a moral element: which is the imputation of the act to a free will; and 3.- a formal element: which is the disturbance to the functioning of the service or immediate or possible affectation of its effectiveness</i>.” (Judgment #5594-94 of 3:48 p.m. on September 27, 1994).\n\nIn the case <span class=SpellE>subjudice</span>, the attributed misconduct is provided for in <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Ley\" w:st=\"on\">the Law</st1:PersonName> #8422, articles 3, 4, 38 and 41, fundamentally. So the alleged lack of legality (tipicidad) is not acceptable.\n\n**Tenth**: That the defects of form attributed to the act do not have the significance or the consequences claimed. Apart from the fact that this report <span class=SpellE>DGH</span>-<span class=SpellE>TH</span>-006-08-D/02-03 does contain the signature of the official in charge of the case and an approval (visto bueno) of <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Dirección General\" w:st=\"on\">the Dirección General</st1:PersonName> de Hacienda, as recorded and as <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Procuraduría\" w:st=\"on\">the Procuraduría</st1:PersonName> alleges, the truth is that this irregularity is not of the type that causes defenselessness and, consequently, of the type that generates absolute nullity, according to article 223 <span class=SpellE>LGAP</span>. The statement of charges is duly reasoned; the plaintiff had ample opportunity to exercise his defense before <st1:PersonName ProductID=\"la Dirección General\" w:st=\"on\">the Dirección General</st1:PersonName> de Servicio Civil. And during the preparation of that report, there was no reason to grant him a hearing and procedural participation, as it is clear that it was a matter of documenting the evidence necessary for the subsequent opening of the administrative procedure, as indeed occurred. In the presence of a preliminary investigation, the party exercises its defense in the procedure, just as happened.\n\n**Eleventh**: **Conclusions and exceptions**: That ultimately the Court concludes that the grievances alleged by the plaintiff have not occurred. There is no merit to annul the challenged acts. The administrative conduct has developed with juridical regularity; the misconduct attributed, on grounds of negligence, has been demonstrated; facts occurred that cast doubt on the objective and impartial performance of the plaintiff, all of which leads to dismissing the complaint in all its aspects, as well as the exceptions of payment and lack of current interest, and admitting the exception of lack of right.\n\nAlthough the plaintiff has expressed disagreement with the classification and grading of the offense, since in his understanding dismissal should not have been applied but rather a reprimand, given that intent was not proven, the fact is that he did not bring any claim in that regard, so addressing the issue serves no purpose.\"</span></p>\n\n<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>\n\n</div>\n\n</body>\n\n</html>\n\nIn the case of \"customs personnel,\" they are obligated to know and apply the legislation pertaining to customs activity; in the performance of their duties, they are personally liable to the treasury for sums it fails to collect due to willful actions or omissions or gross negligence (culpa grave), without prejudice to the administrative and criminal liabilities they may incur; their entry into the Service is achieved through occupational profiles as determined by the position to be filled and documented knowledge; they enjoy an administrative career; they are subject to rotation, such that their services must be rendered at any office, according to technical criteria; technical officials are subject to rendering services in different tasks within the same job class, in order to guarantee comprehensive knowledge of customs operations (articles 13 to 21 LGA). This customs personnel model requires knowledge in technical and legal matters; presence in a workplace does not prevent internal mobility, personnel flows, according to the System's occupational needs, based on considering it as a unified whole and not as watertight compartments.\n\n**Seventh:** That the demands emanating from the principle of probity, objectivity, transparency, or impartiality transcend circular notes or regulations. These principles have strong constitutional roots, both in the norms and principles that guarantee access to public positions based on proven suitability and capacity (articles 191 and 192), and especially in the duty of accountability, control, and evaluation of results (article 11, as amended by Ley 8003 of June 8, 2000). Its legislative development is abundant, it suffices to cite the Ley contra la Corrupción y el Enriquecimiento Ilícito en la Función Pública, #8422 of September 14, 2004, published in La Gaceta #212 of October 29, 2004), whose article 3 encompasses the duty of probity; according to this, the public official is obligated to orient their management toward the satisfaction of the public interest; to identify and address priority collective needs in a planned, regular, efficient, continuous manner and under conditions of equality for the inhabitants of the Republic; to demonstrate rectitude and good faith in the exercise of the powers conferred by law; to ensure that the decisions they adopt in fulfillment of their duties conform to impartiality and the institution's own objectives; to administer public resources in adherence to the principles of legality, effectiveness, economy, and efficiency, rendering accounts satisfactorily. Infractions of this duty, duly proven and after defense, constitute just cause for separation from public office without liability for the employer (article 4 ibidem). We are faced with norms of the highest ethical and moral content that tend to make the public servant’s actions or conduct a model of social behavior, of quality and efficiency in the provision of services, in the execution of entrusted tasks; such that those conducts, actions, or omissions that, by the manner in which they are executed, by their effects or consequences, prove harmful to the general interest, to the objectivity and impartiality that nourishes the Public Administration, must be expelled. How this principle was infringed or deemed infringed in the case at hand is a matter we will address in the following lines.\n\n**Eighth:** That in the specific case, the plaintiff is accused of not having demonstrated rectitude and good faith in the exercise of his customs powers of supervision and control of the DUAs. It was demonstrated that García Quirós, in the exercise of his duties, reviewed fifteen customs declarations processed by the Agencia Marítima SRL, of which his wife, Lidiette María Arias Córdoba, is a shareholder and manager with the powers of a generalísimo legal representative, with judicial and extrajudicial representation, and that in two cases, a shortfall of uncollected taxes was incurred. How was the attributed legal harm configured? If, as expressed in previous paragraphs, the Customs Agent is an auxiliary of the public customs function situated between the Administration and the taxpayer, tasked with determining the customs tax obligation, setting the amount of the tax debt, and the plaintiff, as a worker or servant of the Customs Office, was the one called to control and verify the correct exercise of the duty by the former, it is evident that impartiality and rectitude prevented him from processing DUAs of a Customs Agent in which his wife appeared as its \"owner.\" The disqualification (impedimento), the excuse (excusa), and the recusal (recusación) are the three procedural institutes that guarantee the impartiality of public servants; in the first, it is the law that removes the servant from the case; in the second, it is the party who separates them; and in the third, the withdrawal occurs on the initiative of the official himself. These grounds were originally in the Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, which later passed to the Código Procesal Civil (Civil Procedure Code, CPC) (Ley #7130 of August 16, 1989); among the grounds for disqualification (impedimento) of the public official are: hearing matters in which they have a direct interest, or in which their spouse is interested in the same manner (article 49, subsections 1 and 2 CPC). The point is not whether the Agencia Marítima SRL is the owner of the goods or the taxpayer, whether it is the party before the Administration, nor whether the benefits of the tax shortfall uncollected by the State ended up in its coffers. The reproach lies in that the plaintiff, knowing that his wife is the shareholder and manager with the stated powers of the Customs Agent, did not recuse himself (inhibió), separate, or withdraw from processing the DUAs. His participation in such conditions casts doubt on the principles of equality and impartiality or objectivity, for it is very possible, or nothing excludes, that more expeditious, privileged, or accelerated treatment was dispensed to it, relative to the other Agents. As recorded on pages 103 to 108, among the plaintiff’s duties were those of reviewing the documentation submitted by the Agents, in order to determine the corresponding tax obligation, correct them, and determine the correct tariff classification, value, and amount of taxes. In a case like this, at its core, those duties and obligations were not executed correctly, as was proper, or, stated inversely, they were executed in a manner that generated tax shortfalls, and therefore, reasonable doubts regarding the rectitude and probity with which it was done. It is precisely these inconsistencies that demonstrate the seriousness of the misconduct incurred. It is not possible for someone who works for the treasury and has the responsibility to ensure full compliance with the rules governing the matter to intervene in cases in which their spouse has an interest. Hence, the attributed loss of objective confidence has been demonstrated and configured as negligence (negligencia) or breach of the duty of care. The foregoing makes it pointless to determine the true classification of the corporate shares as community property (bien ganancial), as an expectation and not as a subjective right, for as stated, that is not the point on which the imputation of charges pivots.\n\n**Ninth: On the principle of specificity (tipicidad) in Administrative sanctioning law.** That the principle of specificity (tipicidad), derived from criminal law and, more exactly, from the State's ius puniendi, is applied in the realm of administrative sanctioning law with certain nuances; its rigor is softened, constituting a more flexible and open catalog. The Sala Constitucional conceives it as follows:\n\n\"**III. THE PRINCIPLE OF SPECIFICITY (TIPICIDAD) IN THE DISCIPLINARY REGIME.** … In disciplinary law, given the purpose it pursues, which is the protection of the general social order, and the subject matter it regulates, --discipline--, the determination of the disciplinary infraction is less demanding than the criminal sanction, since it includes acts that can be classified as a violation of the duties of the office, which in some legislations are not specified, and in others, are. Thus, the exercise of this power is discretionary, hence it is appropriate to apply sanctions for any breach of functional duties, without needing them to be specifically detailed as a sanctionable act, for which reason the enumeration of punishable acts made through regulations is not of a limitative nature. Motivated by the variety of causes that may generate its application, by the frequent imprecision of its precepts, and by the sphere of application, it is not always organic nor clear in literal expression, reason for which discretional sanctions can be applied for misconduct not specifically foreseen, but which are understood to be included in the text, as long as they result from the verification of the disciplinary misconduct, through a procedure created for that purpose. The disciplinary misconduct or infraction has been defined as a violation of the functioning of any duty proper to their condition, even if it has not been specifically defined, although it is foreseen. The acts determining disciplinary misconduct are innumerable, as they depend on the nature of the behavior or conduct of the 'subordinate' subjects, behavior or conduct that are truly unlimited in number given their variety; therefore, the existence of three elements of disciplinary misconduct is deduced: 1.- a material element: which is an act or an omission; 2.- a moral element: which is the imputation of the act to a free will; and 3.- a formal element: which is the disturbance to the functioning of the service or immediate or possible affection of its efficacy.\" (Judgment #5594-94 of 3:48 p.m. on September 27, 1994).\n\nIn the subjudice case, the attributed misconduct is foreseen in Ley #8422, articles 3, 4, 38, and 41, fundamentally. Consequently, the alleged lack of specificity (tipicidad) is not acceptable.\n\n**Tenth:** That the procedural defects or formal flaws attributed to the action have neither the significance nor the consequences claimed. Aside from the fact that this report DGH-TH-006-08-D/02-03 does contain the signature of the official in charge of the case and the approval (visto bueno) of the Dirección General de Hacienda, as is recorded and as the Procuraduría alleges, the truth is that this irregularity is not of the kind that causes defenselessness (indefensión) and, consequently, of those generating absolute nullity, according to article 223 LGAP. The notification of charges (traslado de cargos) is duly grounded; the plaintiff had ample opportunity to exercise his defense before the Dirección General de Servicio Civil. And during the preparation of that report, there was no reason to grant him a hearing and procedural participation, as it is clear that it involved documenting the evidence necessary for the subsequent opening of the administrative procedure, as indeed occurred. In the presence of a preliminary investigation, the party exercises their defense in the procedure, just as happened.\n\n**Eleventh: Conclusions and exceptions:** That definitively, the Tribunal concludes that the injuries alleged by the plaintiff have not occurred. There is no merit to annul the challenged acts. The administrative conduct has developed with legal regularity; the attributed misconduct, as negligence (negligencia), has been demonstrated; there were facts that cast doubt on the objective and impartial performance of the plaintiff, all of which leads to dismissing the lawsuit in all its aspects, as well as the exceptions of payment and lack of current interest, admitting the exception of lack of right. Although the plaintiff has expressed disagreement with the classification and grading of the misconduct, since in his understanding, dismissal (despido) should not have been applied but rather a reprimand (amonestación), given that willful intent (dolo) was not proven, the truth is that he did not bring any claim in that regard, so there is no utility in addressing the topic.\""
}