{
  "id": "nexus-ext-1-0034-153340",
  "citation": "Res. 00226-2015 Sala Segunda de la Corte",
  "section": "nexus_decisions",
  "doc_type": "court_decision",
  "title_es": "Nulidad de matrimonio simulado para obtener naturalización",
  "title_en": "Nullity of simulated marriage used to obtain naturalization",
  "summary_es": "La Sala Segunda de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en resolución 00226-2015, declara la nulidad de un matrimonio celebrado en 2007 entre un ciudadano colombiano y una costarricense, determinando que fue un acto simulado y fraudulento. La Procuraduría General de la República solicitó la nulidad absoluta al descubrirse, tras la naturalización del extranjero, que el vínculo matrimonial nunca existió realmente; la esposa declaró que accedió por necesidad económica a cambio de dinero, sin conocer al contrayente ni consumar el matrimonio. El tribunal analiza el expediente y concluye que no hubo consentimiento real para constituir la unión conyugal, requisito esencial de validez del matrimonio según el Código de Familia y el Código Civil. Se evidencia que el contrayente mantenía una relación de hecho en Colombia, nunca asumió el estado civil de casado, y el único interés fue obtener la naturalización costarricense. La Sala revoca la sentencia de segunda instancia que había rechazado la demanda por supuesta irretroactividad de la ley sobre matrimonios simulados, señalando que la falta de consentimiento vicia el acto desde su origen y constituye un fraude de ley, por lo que procede la nulidad absoluta y retrotraer las cosas al estado anterior.",
  "summary_en": "The Second Chamber of the Supreme Court, in ruling 00226-2015, declares the nullity of a marriage celebrated in 2007 between a Colombian citizen and a Costa Rican woman, finding it to be a simulated and fraudulent act. The Attorney General's Office sought absolute nullity upon discovering, after the foreigner’s naturalization, that the marital bond never actually existed; the wife confessed that she consented in exchange for money due to economic hardship, without knowing the husband or consummating the marriage. The court examined the evidence and concluded that there was no genuine consent to form the marital union, an essential requirement for a valid marriage under the Family Code and Civil Code. The evidence showed the husband maintained a de facto relationship in Colombia, never assumed married status, and his sole purpose was to obtain Costa Rican naturalization. The Chamber overturned the appellate ruling that had rejected the suit on grounds of non-retroactivity of the law penalizing simulated marriages, holding that the absolute lack of consent vitiates the act from its inception and constitutes a fraud on the law, warranting absolute nullity and restoration of the status quo ante.",
  "court_or_agency": "Sala Segunda de la Corte",
  "date": "2015",
  "year": "2015",
  "topic_ids": [
    "_off-topic"
  ],
  "primary_topic_id": "_off-topic",
  "es_concept_hints": [
    "nulidad absoluta por simulación",
    "consentimiento matrimonial viciado",
    "matrimonio aparente",
    "fraude de ley migratorio",
    "naturalización por matrimonio",
    "artículo 13 Código de Familia",
    "doctrina artículo 835 Código Civil",
    "falta de affectio maritalis"
  ],
  "concept_anchors": [
    {
      "article": "Art. 13",
      "law": "Código de Familia"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 11",
      "law": "Código de Familia"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 21",
      "law": "Código Civil"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 1007",
      "law": "Código Civil"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 1008",
      "law": "Código Civil"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 835",
      "law": "Código Civil"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 14 inciso 5",
      "law": "Constitución Política"
    },
    {
      "article": "Art. 2",
      "law": "Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones"
    }
  ],
  "keywords_es": [
    "nulidad de matrimonio",
    "matrimonio simulado",
    "fraude de ley",
    "falta de consentimiento",
    "naturalización",
    "extranjero",
    "Procuraduría General de la República",
    "Código de Familia",
    "Sala Segunda",
    "derecho de familia"
  ],
  "keywords_en": [
    "marriage annulment",
    "simulated marriage",
    "fraud on the law",
    "lack of consent",
    "naturalization",
    "foreigner",
    "Attorney General's Office",
    "Family Code",
    "Second Chamber",
    "family law"
  ],
  "excerpt_es": "Así las cosas, no es posible tutelar un matrimonio constituido en tales condiciones, a saber: en fraude de ley (se crea un vínculo para que una de las partes consiga un determinado propósito, que difiere del conjunto de derechos, deberes y fines que comprende una institución como la creada formalmente) y afectado de nulidad absoluta (faltan requisitos de existencia y de validez, en particular el del consentimiento) (el matrimonio no existió realmente), pues este fue aparente para lograr una suma de dinero a cambio, por un lado, y por otro un cambio de estatus migratorio, por lo que procede volver a la situación anterior, es decir, a la existente con anterioridad a la celebración (doctrina del artículo 835 inciso 1 del Código Civil).",
  "excerpt_en": "Thus, it is impossible to protect a marriage constituted under such conditions, namely: in fraud of the law (a bond is created so that one party achieves a specific purpose, which differs from the set of rights, duties and purposes that an institution such as the one formally created encompasses) and affected by absolute nullity (lacking requirements for existence and validity, in particular that of consent) (the marriage never really existed), since it was merely apparent in order to obtain a sum of money in exchange, on the one hand, and on the other a change in migratory status, therefore it is proper to return to the previous situation, that is, to the situation existing before the celebration (doctrine of article 835 subsection 1 of the Civil Code).",
  "outcome": {
    "label_en": "Nullity declared",
    "label_es": "Nulidad declarada",
    "summary_en": "The Second Chamber annuls the marriage due to lack of genuine consent and fraud on the law, ordering the cancellation of the marriage registration and the naturalization obtained.",
    "summary_es": "La Sala Segunda anula el matrimonio por inexistencia de consentimiento real y fraude de ley, ordenando la cancelación de la inscripción matrimonial y de la naturalización obtenida."
  },
  "pull_quotes": [
    {
      "context": "Considerando IV",
      "quote_en": "There was no true consent for the purpose of constituting a marital bond, which, as previously mentioned, is a requirement for its validity (that of marriage), a condition of its existence and one of its intrinsic requirements, the absence of which implies the non-existence of this legal institution as such.",
      "quote_es": "No existió un verdadero consentimiento a los efectos de constituir un vínculo matrimonial, el cual, como se mencionó antes, es un requisito de su validez (el del matrimonio), una condición de su existencia y uno de sus requisitos intrínsecos, cuya ausencia supone la inexistencia de esta institución jurídica como tal."
    },
    {
      "context": "Considerando IV",
      "quote_en": "the co-defendants did not wish to constitute a marriage... co-defendant [[Nombre2] ] wanted only the sum of money offered to her... while co-defendant [[Nombre1] ] wanted only one of the legal effects contemplated... for the marriage... but not the others...",
      "quote_es": "los codemandados no quisieron constituir un matrimonio... la codemandada [[Nombre2] ] lo que deseaba era la suma de dinero que se le ofreció... mientras que el coaccionado [[Nombre1] ] sólo deseaba uno de los efectos previstos en el ordenamiento jurídico... para el matrimonio... pero no los demás..."
    },
    {
      "context": "Considerando IV",
      "quote_en": "The fact that the legislator specifically addressed simulated marriage through Law No. 8781 of November 11, 2009, does not mean that, previously, situations such as those protected from late 2009 onward had no answer in the legal system.",
      "quote_es": "El hecho que el operador jurídico haya legislado específicamente sobre el matrimonio simulado a través de la Ley n.° 8781 del 11 de noviembre de 2009, no significa que, con anterioridad, situaciones como las tuteladas a partir de finales del año 2009 no encontraran una respuesta por parte del ordenamiento jurídico."
    }
  ],
  "cites": [],
  "cited_by": [],
  "references": {
    "internal": [],
    "external": []
  },
  "source_url": "https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/ext-1-0034-153340",
  "tier": 2,
  "_editorial_citation_count": 0,
  "regulations_by_article": null,
  "amendments_by_article": null,
  "dictamen_by_article": null,
  "concordancias_by_article": null,
  "afectaciones_by_article": null,
  "resoluciones_by_article": null,
  "cited_by_votos": [],
  "cited_norms": [],
  "cited_norms_inverted": [
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-15437",
      "norm_num": "",
      "norm_name": "Código Civil de Costa Rica",
      "tipo_norma": "",
      "norm_fecha": ""
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-871",
      "norm_num": "0",
      "norm_name": "Derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado — Artículo 50 de la Constitución Política",
      "tipo_norma": "Constitución Política",
      "norm_fecha": "07/11/1949"
    },
    {
      "doc_id": "norm-970",
      "norm_num": "5476",
      "norm_name": "Código de Familia",
      "tipo_norma": "Ley",
      "norm_fecha": "21/12/1973"
    }
  ],
  "sentencias_relacionadas": [],
  "temas_y_subtemas": [],
  "cascade_only": false,
  "amendment_count": 0,
  "body_es_text": "“IV.- Con base en los elementos probatorios constantes en autos se desprende: a) El coaccionado [[Nombre1] ] salió de Colombia el 3 de setiembre de 2006 y llego al país el 5 de ese mes (folio 15). Éste gestionó la condición de refugiado (véanse folios 10 siguientes y concordantes). b) El codemandado en sus trámites tendientes a la obtención de la condición de refugiado en el país (18 de setiembre de 2006, según consta a folio 19) expresó que tenía cónyuge (folio 15) y que su estado civil era “unión de hecho” (folios 19, 36 y 38). En una nueva solicitud de fecha 19 de febrero de 2008 a folio 168, señaló que su estado civil era “unión libre ”. En declaración jurada efectuada ante la pérdida de documentos éste declaró que su estado civil era “soltero” (documento del 26 de marzo de 2008, a folio 174). Además, en apelación que formulara ante la denegatoria de su solicitud de refugiado, expresó: “Vale recalcar que al ver la suerte que corrió mi amigo al perder la vida por no aceptar esas mismas propuestas me impulsaron más a salir presurosamente de mi país natal, dejando a mi esposa e hijastro corriendo igual peligro los cuales tuvieron que emigrar del país debido a las constantes presiones averiguando donde me encontraba ellos se encuentran también en Costa Rica solicitando refugio el cual espero no les sea denegado ya que por nada del mundo deseo regresar a mi país a poner en riesgo nuestras vidas y sobretodo la formación moral e integral de nuestro hijo el cual solo tiene 15 años de edad y gracias a la aceptación de COSTA RICA se encuentra estudiando para poder hacer acá de él un hombre de bien gracias al apoyo que ustedes nos brindan” (documento de fecha 21 de febrero de 2008, a folio 185). c) El matrimonio entre los demandados tuvo lugar el 4 de julio de 2007 y fue celebrado ante el notario Luis Alberto Palma León (folios 8, 9, 110, 112, 114 y 122). d) El 22 de octubre de 2007, el codemandado le envió a su cónyuge o compañera (el coaccionado usa indistintamente ambos estados) dinero desde el país y hacia Colombia (folio 134 en relación con el folio 15). e) En agosto de 2009, don [[Nombre1] ] formula solicitud de naturalización en virtud de “estar casado con costarricense por más de dos años y haber residido en el país por ese período” (folio 120). f) Al coaccionado se le aprobó su solicitud de naturalización en virtud de que “contrajo matrimonio con la señora [[Nombre2] ] costarricense por nacimiento, el día cuatro de julio del año dos mil siete... Que la parte gestionante, a partir de la constitución del vínculo matrimonial ha permanecido unida en matrimonio y también residido en el país por más de dos años” (resolución del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones a las 15:56 horas, del 17 de julio de 2012, a folios 278 a 280. Véanse también los folios 285 a 286, 289 y 293). g) En oficio SGRC-852-12 de la Secretaría General del Registro Civil de fecha 19 de setiembre de 2012 en solicitud de nulidad o inexistencia de matrimonio se dijo: “El día 13 de setiembre recibí una llamada de la Secretaría General del Registro Civil, en donde me preguntaron si estaba casado con un señor llamado [[Nombre1] ], de nacionalidad colombiana a la cual contesté que me había casado por el motivo que a continuación detallo. En la fecha en que se realizó el supuesto matrimonio estaban pasando una situación económica muy mala. En una oportunidad una amiga me contacto y me dijo que ella podía conseguir dinero si yo aceptaba casarme por conveniencia y como dije debido a mi necesidad económica, accedí asistir con ella a un parque situado en [Dirección1] , ahí se encontraban dos señores, de los cuales no sé sus nombres, y nunca había visto, hasta ese momento. Uno de ellos me enseñó unos papeles en donde estaba el nombre de mi supuesto esposo llamado [[Nombre1] ], a continuación firmé los papeles que el señor me dio e inmediatamente me hizo entrega del dinero. Lo que me pagaron fue ¢200.000.00, los cuales acepté por la situación que describí anteriormente. Después que me dieron la plata, cada uno cogió por su lado y hasta la fecha no he vuelto a ver a ninguna de esas personas. Hago la aclaración que no sé quién es [[Nombre1] ], nunca lo he visto y mucho menos lo conozco. Manifiesto que este supuesto matrimonio que se realizó el 4 de julio de 2007, nunca fue consumado ya que nunca he compartido con el señor [[Nombre1] ], que es la persona con la que aparezco casada, además no conozco al Lic. LUIS ALBERTO PALMA LEON, el notario que realizó el acto jurídico, y a la testigo [[Nombre3] ], si la conozco pues fue la persona que me llevó para el supuesto acto jurídico, y [[Nombre4] ], cédula de residencia número…, no sé quién es, nunca la he visto y mucho menos la conozco. Solicito a la Secretaría General del Registro Civil realizar todo lo pertinente para lo anulación o inexistencia de este acto jurídico, y reitero se realice el trámite de nulidad o inexistencia del matrimonio de [[Nombre1] ] y mi persona, y a la vez que se corrija la inscripción del nacimiento de mi hijo [[Nombre5] ],…, ya que éste señor [[Nombre1] ], no es el padre de mi hijo,…” (folios 101 a 104). h) En la declaración jurada de la accionada ante el notario público Luis Alberto Palma León (mismo que celebrara el matrimonio) señaló: “…a mi esposo lo conocí como peluquero en el […] mantuvimos una corta relación sentimental como cónyuges, tiempo después nos separamos de hecho y no volvimos a vernos ni comunicarnos. Mucho tiempo después, recibí llamada de la secretaria del Registro Civil que me impactó muchísimo y me causó gran temor, al decirme el funcionario que debía de acudir a la secretaría urgente o si no me estaría metiendo en un gran problema, mi abuela escuchó toda la conversación amenazadora, que yo me había casado por conveniencia y que el señor [[Nombre1] ] era un gran narcotraficante, que era muy peligroso, ellos los del Registro fueron prácticamente los que confeccionaron la denuncia y que la firmaron así, yo no leí nada ya que estaba muy nerviosa. Quiero aclarar que por el momento no tengo intenciones de divorciarme sino más bien reconciliarme con mi esposo estamos en eso. Me retracto de todo lo que dije bajo presión en el Registro Civil” (sic) (folio 6. Véase declaración jurada a folio 306). i) La codemandada [[Nombre2] ] entregó declaración jurada ante la Procuraduría General de la República con la petición que “no se le dé trámite a la gestión que está realizando el Registro Civil, sobre la nulidad de mi matrimonio, basándose en hechos irreales e hipotéticos, yo estoy bien con mi esposo [[Nombre1] ] y por el momento no me voy a divorciar” (folio 5. Véase también folio 307). Finalmente, se trajo a la testigo [[Nombre6] ], quien manifestó: “A don [[Nombre1] ] y a [[Nombre2] ] los conozco desde el 2006 que fue cuando [[Nombre1] ] me arreglaba el pelo a un costado del […], yo los observaba que eran una pareja normal, salían de la mano… Yo me di cuenta una vez que fui que estaban celebrando y me dijeron que estaban celebrando que hoy, ese día se casaban. Otro muchacho ese día me arregló el pelo porque [[Nombre1] ] estaba en la actividad de matrimonio, y como una celebración y pregunte que quienes se estaban casando y el me dijo que era él el que se estaba casando. Ellos se casaron en el saloncito de la hermana a un costado del […], donde yo me iba a arreglar el pelo. Ellos después de que se casaron me di cuenta que se habían separado y eso porque le pregunté a [[Nombre1] ] cuando fui al salón porque no veía a [[Nombre2] ] y él me dijo que se habían separado, estuvieron como tres meses… Varias veces yo llegaba y el salía con la muchacha como novios, se veían tan bien… El salón está a un costado del […] pero si no me acuerdo del nombre. Era un salón de belleza, el mismo saloncito de belleza a un costado estaban haciendo el evento era como una reunioncita nada mas… Los caso abogado pero no me acuerdo ellos estaban como de espaldas y yo me estaba arreglando el pelo con el muchacho. Yo la conocí a ella por medio que llegaba al salón. [[Nombre1] ] me llamó para pedirme que le sirviera de testigo... [[Nombre1] ] me dijo hace como dos años que era que se habían separado, él me dijo que habían durado tres o cuatro meses. No sé si se reconciliarían. Yo tengo varios años de no ir al salón, como unos tres años… No recuerdo si se casaron un sábado o entre semana” (sic) (folio 333). Bajo el panorama anterior, se estima que no fue acertado que el ad quem no efectuara el análisis de la prueba contenida en el expediente bajo el argumento “no es posible que la Procuraduría General de la República pretenda que se anule el matrimonio por considerarlo simulado con base en una normativa que entró en vigencia varios años DESPUÉS de que se celebró el matrimonio cuestionado. En efecto, si la normativa que regula y sanciona el matrimonio simulado entró en vigencia en el año DOS MIL NUEVE y el matrimonio de los aquí demandados se celebró el cuatro de julio del año DOS MIL SIETE, lo que se pretende en otras palabras es la aplicación retroactiva de la ley, y eso es contrario al artículo 34 de la Constitución Política… En estas condiciones la demanda no puede prosperar, los vicios apuntados en el escrito de demanda no pueden ser objeto de discusión por la razón apuntada, por lo que todos los agravios de la parte apelante sobre la violación de la prueba son inatendibles” (folios 413 y 414), pues el juez conoce el derecho y lo pretendido fue la nulidad del matrimonio y su respectiva inscripción así como la corrección de la inscripción del nacimiento del hijo de la coaccionada [[Nombre2] ], por considerarse que éste como tal, no se había dado y tampoco había generado los efectos jurídicos propios de ese acto, pues lo que se quiso conseguir a través de éste fue otro resultado. El hecho que el operador jurídico haya legislado específicamente sobre el matrimonio simulado a través de la Ley n.° 8781 del 11 de noviembre de 2009, no significa que, con anterioridad, situaciones como las tuteladas a partir de finales del año 2009 no encontraran una respuesta por parte del ordenamiento jurídico. La falta de una sanción expresa sobre el tema, no podía salvar a aquel acto que era evidentemente inválido e ineficaz, por la falta absoluta de consentimiento para realizarlo. Al efecto, nuestra Carta Fundamental establece que el matrimonio es la base esencial de la familia (artículo 51. En relación, se encuentra el numeral 11 del Código de Familia) y ésta “como elemento natural y fundamento de la sociedad”, tiene la protección especial del Estado (numeral 52. Principio que fue desarrollado también en el artículo 1 del Código de Familia). Por su parte, en el Código de Familia encontramos que el numeral 11 determina el objeto del matrimonio y los artículos 33 a 35, sus efectos. El numeral 13 de ese mismo Código dispone que “Para que exista matrimonio el consentimiento de los contrayentes debe manifestarse de modo legal y expreso”. En términos similares, el Código Civil (aplicable supletoriamente por disposición del artículo 14 de dicho Código) regula el tema. Así el numeral 1007 contempla: “Además de las condiciones indispensables para la validez de las obligaciones en general, para las que nacen del contrato se requiere el consentimiento y que se cumplan las solemnidades que la ley exija”. Además, el artículo 1008 dispone que “El consentimiento de las partes debe ser libre y claramente manifestado. La manifestación debe ser hecha de palabra, por escrito o por hechos de que necesariamente se deduzca”. De esta forma, se advierte que el consentimiento es condición de validez en el matrimonio. A su vez, se tiene que el artículo 21 ídem, sanciona: “Los actos realizados al amparo del texto de una norma, que persigan un resultado prohibido por el ordenamiento jurídico, o contrario a él, se considerarán ejecutadas en fraude de ley y no impedirán la debida aplicación de la norma que se hubiese tratado de eludir”. Con este parámetro, debemos valorar todos los elementos de prueba que han sido traídos al proceso. En primer término, se evidenció que previo a la celebración del matrimonio (el 4 de julio de 2007), el coaccionado [[Nombre1] ] se encontraba vinculado de hecho con otra mujer en Colombia (véanse manifestaciones del 18 de setiembre de 2006), lo cual subsistió, pese al ligamen que el matrimonio con la codemandada [[Nombre2] ] representaba. Al respecto, el 21 de febrero de 2008 (11 meses y 17 días después del referido acto matrimonial y ante una nueva solicitud de refugio que se formulara) el codemandado [[Nombre1] ] declaró que dejó su país natal ante el peligro que corría y se vino para Costa Rica “dejando a mi esposa e hijastro corriendo igual peligro”; no obstante, señaló que éstos habían emigrado al país, agregando “ nuestro hijo el cual sólo tiene 15 años de edad gracias a la aceptación de COSTA RICA se encuentra estudiando para poder hacer acá de él un hombre de bien gracias al apoyo que ustedes nos brindan”. Incluso, puede advertirse que en la práctica el señor [[Nombre1] ] no “asimilaba” la condición de casado, lo que refleja, en conjunto con otros aspectos, la apariencia de aquel ligamen. Nótese que éste, aun cuando en principio estaba casado, manifestaba que su estado civil era en “unión libre” (solicitud de refugiado del 19 de febrero de 2008) o “soltero” (declaración del 23 de marzo de 2008), circunstancia que a la postre guarda correspondencia con la realidad. Además, se advierte que el 22 de octubre de 2007 (3 meses y 18 días después que se casara con doña [[Nombre2] ]), el coaccionado le estaba enviando dinero a su compañera a Colombia. Por otra parte, no puede obviarse que al demandado [[Nombre1] ] se le habían denegado las solicitudes de refugiado que gestionó sumado a que adquirió la naturalización a partir del matrimonio con la coaccionada, donde resulta de interés que éste se efectuó 9 meses y 29 días después de su llegada a Costa Rica. En relación, se tiene que doña [[Nombre2] ] rindió declaración ante los personeros de la Secretaría General del Registro Civil en la cual detalló que el matrimonio con don [[Nombre1] ] no fue real y que su consentimiento fue por conveniencia, a cambio de una suma de dinero (¢200.000,00), debido a la situación económica que enfrentaba. Manifestó que no conocía al señor [[Nombre1] ] y que el ligamen nunca se consumó, máxime cuando nunca compartió con aquel, a quien, volvió a afirmar, ni siquiera conocía. También advirtió que su hijo no había sido engendrado por éste. Lo así expresado no pudo ser desvirtuado a partir de la declaración jurada que rindió el 5 de noviembre de 2012, ante el mismo notario que hizo el trámite de matrimonio simulado, en la que afirmó que estas manifestaciones las había dado por miedo y bajo amenaza, asegurando que esa denuncia prácticamente fue confeccionada por dichos funcionarios (los de la Secretaría General del Registro Civil), toda vez que no demostró que la actuación de éstos hubiese sido anómala e ilegal y que los hechos que alegó hubiesen sucedido realmente. Sobre el particular, resulta extraño que frente a lo ocurrido, en los términos expresados por la coaccionada en la referida declaración jurada, no haya ejercido las acciones correspondientes en contra de esos servidores públicos y que tampoco haya ofrecido como testigo a su abuela, máxime cuando refirió que ésta “escuchó toda la conversación amenazadora”. De igual modo resulta llamativo que describa que mantuvieron “una corta relación sentimental como cónyuges, tiempo después nos separamos de hecho y no volvimos a vernos ni comunicarnos” y que tanto tiempo después expresara que “no tengo intenciones de divorciarme sino más bien reconciliarme con mi esposo [[Nombre1] ] y por el momento no me voy a divorciar”, sobre todo cuando como expresara la testigo aportada por ésta –y con base en las manifestaciones del coaccionado-, ellos habían convivido tan sólo 3 o 4 meses. No parece aceptable la excusa que expone el coaccionado ante el hecho que “conviví con ella debo admitirlo por poco tiempo”, alegando “ era muy inmadura por su edad” (contestación de la demanda, a folios 3 a 8), pues tal situación era evidente. Adviértase que cuando se celebró el matrimonio, don [[Nombre1] ] tenía 34 años y doña [[Nombre2] ] 18 años (documento a folio 122), lo que lleva a cuestionarse si estos tuvieron la relación de novios que expusieron en sus contestaciones a la demanda y pretendieron acreditar con la deponente ofrecida. Así, no se evidencia con el vínculo una de las características del matrimonio, cual es el de la unión permanente, bajo la cual se entiende que cuando dos personas se casan lo hacen para toda la vida. También es interesante que se trajera a una clienta esporádica del salón de belleza, en el cual laboraba el codemandado, para demostrar que previo al matrimonio los coaccionados se conocían y habían tenido una relación de noviazgo. Al respecto, se advierte que ésta tenía tres años de no ir al salón, circunstancia que lleva a interrogarse ¿cómo localizaron a la testigo para ofrecerla como tal, cuando, como se evidencia de sus manifestaciones, no había mantenido una relación cercana con la supuesta pareja, pues desconocía detalles importantes sucedidos con posterioridad al enlace, como por ejemplo, la separación de los cónyuges? y, ¿cómo podían recordar después de tantos años que esa clienta en particular se encontraba en el salón de belleza cuando se efectuó el matrimonio, pese a la cantidad de clientes que llegan a un local de esa naturaleza, el tiempo transcurrido y la distancia que ésta expresara no sólo con el lugar sino con las personas que trabajaban en éste?. De esta forma, se deja evidenciada una divergencia entre lo que las partes afirmaron en el protocolo del notario Palma León (el matrimonio) y lo que ocurrió en la realidad y fue denunciado ante el Registro Civil por la codemandada. Resulta claro, conforme se expuso, que los codemandados no quisieron constituir un matrimonio, el cual se entiende como “Una sociedad del hombre y la mujer que se unen para perpetuar su especie, para ayudarse, para socorrerse mutuamente, para llevar el peso de la vida y compartir su común destino” ([Nombre7], . Manual de Derecho de Familia. Buenos Aires, LexisNexis Abeledo-Perrot, 12da. edición, 2004, p. 32), pues la codemandada [[Nombre2] ] lo que deseaba era la suma de dinero que se le ofreció por la constitución de aquel acto, mientras que el coaccionado [[Nombre1] ] sólo deseaba uno de los efectos previstos en el ordenamiento jurídico (artículos 14 inciso 5 de la Constitución Política y 2 de la Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones) para el matrimonio en las condiciones de los aquí contrayentes (nacional y extranjero), pero no los demás, circunstancia que en una institución como el matrimonio no se deja a la voluntad de las personas, toda vez que sus efectos (obligaciones y derechos) se encuentran determinados en la ley (numerales 33 a 35 del Código de Familia). No existió un verdadero consentimiento a los efectos de constituir un vínculo matrimonial, el cual, como se mencionó antes, es un requisito de su validez (el del matrimonio), una condición de su existencia y uno de sus requisitos intrínsecos, cuya ausencia supone la inexistencia de esta institución jurídica como tal (falta un presupuesto que es condición esencial de su constitución). La voluntad expresada para la constitución de un matrimonio no existió realmente, dado que como refiere Borda: “Según la teoría psicológica clásica, el consentimiento, para ser válido, debe ser expresado con discernimiento, intención y libertad” (énfasis agregado) (ibíd, p. 69), con lo cual importa, no sólo que el consentimiento realmente se haya otorgado sino que éste reúna una serie de condiciones, como la de querer y aceptar el acto que se realiza con todas sus implicaciones. En la realidad de lo acontecido, queda claro que el objeto de aquella celebración entre el señor [[Nombre1] ] y la señora [[Nombre2] ] nunca fue tener una vida en común y la cooperación y mutuo auxilio entre ellos (artículo 11 del Código de Familia citado), lo cual queda reflejado a grosso modo en un “vínculo” que las partes nunca asimilaron –y no lo hicieron, porque éste en realidad no se dio, nunca existió-, pues se dejó evidenciado que el contrayente [[Nombre1] ] nunca asumió –ni siquiera en documentación oficial- tal condición (la de casado) y, por el contrario, hizo patente un ligamen sentimental con otra persona distinta a [[Nombre2] ], quien adquirió –al menos en términos formales- el carácter de esposa o cónyuge de éste, sumado a las manifestaciones que diera la señora [[Nombre2] ], las que merecen total credibilidad y que no pudieron ser desvirtuadas con lo expresado en la declaración jurada que rindió ante notario, que como se dijo, fue el mismo que consignó la supuesta voluntad de contraer matrimonio; declaración jurada que evidentemente tenía con fin legitimar la actuación de ese notario para evitar los efectos jurídicos de una actuación notarial irregular. Por esa razón, esa prueba pierde credibilidad, amén de que no es fidedigna y por eso no es suficiente para tener por desvirtuados los hechos que ésta denunció ante el Estado aunado a que no se probaron los hechos que acusó en ese momento. Tampoco se pueden obviar otros elementos que se apuntaron de la relación o del desenvolvimiento de estos luego de celebrado el matrimonio (no hubo consentimiento para la constitución de esa institución jurídica y, por ende, tampoco el objeto y la causa de éste). La pareja, como se indicó, tampoco tuvo la intención de formar una familia, entendida como “un régimen de relaciones sociales que se determina mediante pautas institucionalizadas relativas a la unión intersexual, la procreación y el parentesco” ([Nombre8], Eduardo. Derecho de Familia, Buenos Aires, Editorial Astrea de [Nombre9] y [Nombre10] , 5ta. edición, Tomo I, 2006, p. 3), pues ni siquiera hubo relación entre ambos, conforme a lo acreditado, y mucho menos, con una finalidad como la citada, dado que las que tenían las partes, como se dijo, eran muy diferentes. Así las cosas, no es posible tutelar un matrimonio constituido en tales condiciones, a saber: en fraude de ley (se crea un vínculo para que una de las partes consiga un determinado propósito, que difiere del conjunto de derechos, deberes y fines que comprende una institución como la creada formalmente) y afectado de nulidad absoluta (faltan requisitos de existencia y de validez, en particular el del consentimiento ([Nombre11] , José Luis y Otros. Elementos de Derecho Civil: Derecho de Obligaciones, Madrid, 4ta. Edición, Tomo I, 2007, p. 297 y 298) (el matrimonio no existió realmente), pues este fue aparente para lograr una suma de dinero a cambio, por un lado, y por otro un cambio de estatus migratorio, por lo que procede volver a la situación anterior, es decir, a la existente con anterioridad a la celebración (doctrina del artículo 835 inciso 1 del Código Civil).”",
  "body_en_text": "“IV.- Based on the evidentiary elements contained in the case file, the following emerges: a) The co-defendant [[Name1]] left Colombia on September 3, 2006 and arrived in the country on the 5th of that month (folio 15). He applied for refugee status (see folios 10 et seq. and concordant). b) The co-defendant, in his proceedings aimed at obtaining refugee status in the country (September 18, 2006, as stated in folio 19), expressed that he had a spouse (folio 15) and that his civil status was “de facto union (unión de hecho)” (folios 19, 36 and 38). In a new application dated February 19, 2008 at folio 168, he indicated that his civil status was “common-law union (unión libre)”. In an affidavit (declaración jurada) given before the loss of documents, he declared that his civil status was “single (soltero)” (document of March 26, 2008, at folio 174). In addition, in an appeal that he filed against the denial of his refugee application, he expressed: “It is worth emphasizing that seeing the fate my friend suffered, losing his life for not accepting those same proposals, drove me further to leave my native country hastily, leaving my wife and stepson running the same danger, who had to emigrate from the country due to the constant pressure inquiring about my whereabouts, they are also in Costa Rica requesting refuge which I hope will not be denied since for nothing in the world do I wish to return to my country to put our lives at risk and above all the moral and integral formation of our son who is only 15 years old and thanks to the acceptance of COSTA RICA is studying to be able to make a good man of himself here thanks to the support you provide us” (document dated February 21, 2008, at folio 185). c) The marriage between the defendants took place on July 4, 2007 and was celebrated before the notary Luis Alberto Palma León (folios 8, 9, 110, 112, 114 and 122). d) On October 22, 2007, the co-defendant sent money from this country to his spouse or partner in Colombia (the co-defendant uses both statuses indistinctly) (folio 134 in relation to folio 15). e) In August 2009, Mr. [[Name1]] filed a naturalization application by virtue of “being married to a Costa Rican for more than two years and having resided in the country for that period” (folio 120). f) The co-defendant’s naturalization application was approved by virtue of the fact that “he entered into marriage with Mrs. [[Name2]], a Costa Rican by birth, on July fourth, two thousand seven... That the managing party, from the constitution of the matrimonial bond, has remained united in marriage and also resided in the country for more than two years” (resolution of the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones at 15:56 hours, on July 17, 2012, at folios 278 to 280. See also folios 285 to 286, 289 and 293). g) In official communication SGRC-852-12 from the Secretaría General del Registro Civil dated September 19, 2012, in a request for nullity (nulidad) or non-existence (inexistencia) of marriage, it was stated: “On September 13 I received a call from the Secretaría General del Registro Civil, where they asked me if I was married to a man named [[Name1]], of Colombian nationality, to which I replied that I had married for the reason I detail below. On the date the supposed marriage was performed, we were going through a very bad economic situation. On one occasion a friend contacted me and told me she could get money if I agreed to marry for convenience and as I said due to my economic need, I agreed to go with her to a park located at [Address1], there were two men, whose names I do not know, and I had never seen, until that moment.\n\nOne of them showed me some papers where the name of my supposed husband appeared as [[Nombre1]], I then signed the papers that the gentleman gave me and he immediately handed me the money. What they paid me was ¢200,000.00, which I accepted because of the situation I described above. After they gave me the money, each one went their own way and to date I have not seen any of those people again. I clarify that I do not know who [[Nombre1]] is, I have never seen him, much less do I know him. I state that this supposed marriage that took place on July 4, 2007, was never consummated since I have never shared time with [[Nombre1]], who is the person with whom I appear married, moreover I do not know Lic. LUIS ALBERTO PALMA LEON, the notary who performed the legal act, and the witness [[Nombre3]], I do know her since she was the person who took me to the supposed legal act, and [[Nombre4]], residence ID number…, I do not know who she is, I have never seen her, much less do I know her. I request the General Directorate of the Civil Registry to do everything pertinent for the annulment or non-existence of this legal act, and I reiterate that the annulment or non-existence proceeding be carried out for the marriage of [[Nombre1]] and myself, and at the same time that the birth registration of my son [[Nombre5]],…, be corrected, since this gentleman [[Nombre1]] is not the father of my child,…</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (folios 101 to 104). </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold\\\">h)</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> In the sworn statement of the defendant before the notary public Luis Alberto Palma León (the same notary who performed the marriage), she stated: “…</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">I met my husband as a hairdresser in the […] we maintained a short romantic relationship as spouses, sometime later we separated de facto and we never saw or communicated with each other again. A long time later, I received a call from the secretary of the Civil Registry that greatly impacted me and caused me great fear, when the official told me that I had to go to the secretariat urgently or else I would be getting into big trouble, my grandmother heard the entire threatening conversation, that I had married for convenience and that the gentleman [[Nombre1]] was a major drug trafficker, that he was very dangerous, they, the Registry people, were practically the ones who drafted the complaint and had it signed like that, I did not read anything since I was very nervous. I want to clarify that at the moment I have no intention of divorcing but rather reconciling with my husband, we are in that process. I retract everything I said under pressure at the Civil Registry</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (sic) (folio 6. See sworn statement at folio 306). </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold\\\">i)</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\"> The co-defendant [[Nombre2]] submitted a sworn statement before the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic with the request that “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">no action be taken on the proceeding being carried out by the Civil Registry regarding the annulment of my marriage, based on unreal and hypothetical facts, I am fine with my husband [[Nombre1]] and for the moment I am not going to divorce</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (folio 5. See also folio 307). Finally, the witness [[Nombre6]] was brought forward, who stated: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">I have known Don [[Nombre1]] and [[Nombre2]] since 2006, which is when [[Nombre1]] used to do my hair next to the […], I observed that they were a normal couple, they walked out hand in hand… I found out once when I went that they were celebrating and they told me they were celebrating that today, that day they were getting married. Another young man did my hair that day because [[Nombre1]] was at the wedding activity, and as it was a celebration I asked who was getting married and he told me it was him who was getting married. They got married in the sister’s little salon next to the […], where I used to get my hair done. After they got married, I found out they had separated, and that was because I asked [[Nombre1]] when I went to the salon why I did not see [[Nombre2]] and he told me they had separated, they had been together for about three months… Several times I arrived and he would go out with the girl like sweethearts, they looked so good together… The salon is next to the […] but I do not remember the name. It was a beauty salon, right next door they were holding the event, it was just a small gathering… A lawyer married them but I do not remember, they were kind of facing away and I was getting my hair done by the young man. I got to know her by coming to the salon. [[Nombre1]] called me to ask me to serve as a witness… [[Nombre1]] told me about two years ago that they had separated, he told me they had lasted three or four months. I do not know if they reconciled. I have not gone to the salon for several years, about three years… I do not remember if they got married on a Saturday or during the week</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (sic) (folio 333). Under the foregoing scenario, it is deemed that it was not correct for the lower court (ad quem) not to have analyzed the evidence contained in the case file under the argument “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">it is not possible that the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic seeks to annul the marriage for considering it simulated based on regulations that came into effect several years AFTER the questioned marriage was celebrated. Indeed, if the regulations governing and sanctioning simulated marriage came into effect in the year TWO THOUSAND NINE and the marriage of the defendants herein was celebrated on July fourth of the year TWO THOUSAND SEVEN, what is being sought in other words is the retroactive application of the law, and that is contrary to article 34 of the Political Constitution… Under these conditions the lawsuit cannot succeed, the defects pointed out in the lawsuit petition cannot be subject to discussion for the stated reason, so all the grievances of the appellant party regarding the violation of the evidence are unaddressable</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (folios 413 and 414), because the judge knows the law and what was sought was the annulment of the marriage and its respective registration as well as the correction of the birth registration of the son of the co-defendant [[Nombre2]], on the grounds that it, as such, had not taken place and had not generated the legal effects characteristic of that act, since what was intended to be achieved through it was another result. The fact that the legal operator specifically legislated on simulated marriage through Law No. 8781 of November 11, 2009, does not mean that, previously, situations such as those protected from the end of 2009 onward did not find a response from the legal system. The lack of an express sanction on the subject could not save an act that was evidently invalid and ineffective, due to the absolute lack of consent to perform it. In this regard, our Fundamental Charter establishes that marriage is the essential basis of the family (article 51. Related to this is numeral 11 of the Family Code) and that the latter “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">as a natural element and foundation of society</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”, has the special protection of the State (numeral 52. A principle that was also developed in article 1 of the Family Code). For its part, in the Family Code we find that numeral 11 determines the purpose of marriage and articles 33 to 35, its effects. Numeral 13 of that same Code provides that “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">For marriage to exist, the consent of the contracting parties must be expressed in a legal and express manner”. </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">In similar terms, the Civil Code (applicable supplementarily by provision of article 14 of said Code) regulates the subject. Thus numeral 1007 provides: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">In addition to the indispensable conditions for the validity of obligations in general, those arising from a contract require consent and the fulfillment of the formalities that the law requires”. </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">Furthermore, article 1008 provides that “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">The consent of the parties must be free and clearly expressed. The expression must be made by word, in writing, or by actions from which it necessarily deduces</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”. In this way, it is noted that consent is a condition of validity in marriage. In turn, article 21 idem sanctions: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">Acts carried out under the cover of the text of a norm, that pursue a result prohibited by the legal system, or contrary to it, shall be considered executed in fraud of law and shall not prevent the due application of the norm that one had tried to evade</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”. With this parameter, we must evaluate all the elements of evidence that have been brought to the process. In the first term, it was evidenced that prior to the celebration of the marriage (on July 4, 2007), the co-defendant [[Nombre1]] was involved in a de facto union with another woman in Colombia (see statements of September 18, 2006), which subsisted, despite the bond that the marriage with the co-defendant [[Nombre2]] represented. In this regard, on February 21, 2008 (11 months and 17 days after the referred matrimonial act and upon a new refugee application being formulated), the co-defendant [[Nombre1]] declared that he left his native country due to the danger he was in and came to Costa Rica “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">leaving my wife and stepson who were in equal danger</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”; however, he indicated that they had emigrated to the country, adding “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">our son, who is only 15 years old, thanks to the acceptance of COSTA RICA, is studying to be able to make him a good man here, thanks to the support you provide us</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”. Even so, it can be noted that in practice, the gentleman [[Nombre1]] did not “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">assimilate</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” the condition of being married, which reflects, together with other aspects, the appearance of that bond. Note that he, even though he was, in principle, married, stated that his civil status was “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">common-law union</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (refugee application of February 19, 2008) or “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">single</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (declaration of March 23, 2008), a circumstance that ultimately corresponds with reality. Additionally, it is noted that on October 22, 2007 (3 months and 18 days after marrying Doña [[Nombre2]]), the co-defendant was sending money to his partner in Colombia. On the other hand, it cannot be overlooked that the defendant [[Nombre1]] had been denied the refugee applications he processed, in addition to the fact that he acquired naturalization through the marriage with the co-defendant, where it is interesting that this took place 9 months and 29 days after his arrival in Costa Rica. In relation to this, Doña [[Nombre2]] rendered a statement before the representatives of the General Directorate of the Civil Registry in which she detailed that the marriage with Don [[Nombre1]] was not real and that her consent was for convenience, in exchange for a sum of money (¢200,000.00), due to the economic situation she faced. She stated that she did not know the gentleman [[Nombre1]] and that the bond was never consummated, especially since she never shared time with him, whom, she reaffirmed, she did not even know. She also noted that her son had not been fathered by him. What was so expressed could not be refuted based on the sworn statement she rendered on November 5, 2012, before the same notary who processed the simulated marriage, in which she affirmed that these statements had been given out of fear and under threat, assuring that this complaint was practically drafted by said officials (those of the General Directorate of the Civil Registry), since she did not prove that the actions of these officials had been anomalous and illegal and that the facts she alleged had actually occurred. On this point, it is strange that, given what happened, in the terms expressed by the co-defendant in the referred sworn statement, she did not exercise the corresponding actions against those public servants and that she also did not offer her grandmother as a witness, especially when she related that the latter “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">heard the entire threatening conversation</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”. Equally striking is that she describes that they maintained “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">a short romantic relationship as spouses, sometime later we separated de facto and we never saw or communicated with each other again</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” and that so much time later she expressed that “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">I have no intention of divorcing but rather reconciling with my husband [[Nombre1]] and for the moment I am not going to divorce</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">”, especially since, as expressed by the witness she provided –and based on the statements of the co-defendant–, they had cohabited for only 3 or 4 months. The excuse offered by the co-defendant regarding the fact that “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">I cohabited with her, I must admit, for a short time”, </span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">claiming “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">she was very immature for her age</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (response to the lawsuit, at folios 3 to 8), does not seem acceptable, since such a situation was evident. Note that when the marriage was celebrated, Don [[Nombre1]] was 34 years old and Doña [[Nombre2]] was 18 years old (document at folio 122), which leads one to question whether they had the courtship relationship that they described in their responses to the lawsuit and sought to prove with the deponent offered. Thus, one of the characteristics of marriage is not evidenced by the bond, which is that of a permanent union, under which it is understood that when two people marry, they do so for life. It is also interesting that a sporadic client of the beauty salon, where the co-defendant worked, was brought forward to prove that prior to the marriage the co-defendants knew each other and had a courtship relationship. In this regard, it is noted that she had not gone to the salon for three years, a circumstance that leads one to ask: how did they locate the witness to offer her as such, when, as is evident from her statements, she had not maintained a close relationship with the supposed couple, since she was unaware of important details occurring after the union, such as, for example, the separation of the spouses? and, how could they remember after so many years that this particular client was in the beauty salon when the marriage took place, despite the number of clients that come to a place of that nature, the time elapsed, and the distance that she expressed not only from the place but from the people who worked in it? In this manner, a divergence is evidenced between what the parties affirmed in the protocol of Notary Palma León (the marriage) and what occurred in reality and was reported before the Civil Registry by the co-defendant. It is clear, as set forth, that the co-defendants did not wish to constitute a marriage, which is understood as “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">A partnership of man and woman who unite to perpetuate their species, to help one another, to mutually aid each other, to bear the weight of life and share their common destiny</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” ([Nombre7], Manual de Derecho de Familia. Buenos Aires, LexisNexis Abeledo-Perrot, 12th edition, 2004, p. 32), since what the co-defendant [[Nombre2]] desired was the sum of money offered to her for the constitution of that act, while the co-defendant [[Nombre1]] only desired one of the effects provided in the legal system (articles 14 paragraph 5 of the Political Constitution and 2 of the Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones) for marriage under the conditions of the contracting parties herein (national and foreigner), but not the others, a circumstance that in an institution like marriage is not left to the will of the persons, since its effects (obligations and rights) are determined by law (numerals 33 to 35 of the Family Code). There was no true consent for the purpose of constituting a matrimonial bond, which, as mentioned before, is a requirement for its validity (that of the marriage), a condition for its existence, and one of its intrinsic requirements, the absence of which implies the non-existence of this legal institution as such (it lacks a prerequisite that is an essential condition for its constitution). The will expressed for the constitution of a marriage did not really exist, given that, as Borda states: “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">According to classical psychological theory, consent, to be valid, must be expressed with discernment, intention, and freedom</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” (emphasis added) (ibid, p. 69), by which it matters, not only that consent was actually granted but that it meets a series of conditions, such as wanting and accepting the act being performed with all its implications. In the reality of what happened, it is clear that the purpose of that celebration between [[Nombre1]] and [[Nombre2]] was never to have a life in common and the cooperation and mutual aid between them (cited article 11 of the Family Code), which is broadly reflected in a “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">bond</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” that the parties never assimilated –and they did not do so, because it in fact did not occur, it never existed–, since it was made evident that the contracting party [[Nombre1]] never assumed –not even in official documentation– such a condition (that of being married) and, on the contrary, made patent a romantic bond with another person distinct from [[Nombre2]], who acquired –at least in formal terms– the character of wife or spouse of the former, in addition to the statements given by the lady [[Nombre2]], which merit total credibility and could not be refuted by what was expressed in the sworn statement she rendered before a notary, who, as stated, was the same one who recorded the supposed will to marry; a sworn statement that evidently aimed to legitimize the actions of that notary to avoid the legal effects of an irregular notarial action. For that reason, this evidence loses credibility, besides the fact that it is not reliable, and for that reason it is not sufficient to deem refuted the facts that she reported to the State, coupled with the fact that the facts she accused at that moment were not proven. Nor can other elements be ignored that were noted about the relationship or the development of these individuals after the marriage was celebrated (there was no consent for the constitution of that legal institution and, therefore, neither the purpose nor the cause of it). The couple, as indicated, also did not have the intention of forming a family, understood as “</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\\\">a regime of social relations that is determined through institutionalized patterns relating to intersexual union, procreation, and kinship</span><span style=\\\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\\\">” ([Nombre8], Eduardo. Derecho de Familia, Buenos Aires, Editorial Astrea de [Nombre9] Alfredo and [Nombre10] Ricardo Depalma, 5th edition, Tomo I, 2006, p. 3), since there was not even a relationship between the two, according to what was proven, and much less, one with a purpose such as that cited, given that those held by the parties, as stated, were very different. Thus, it is not possible to protect a marriage constituted under such conditions, namely: in fraud of law (a bond is created so that one of the parties achieves a specific purpose, which differs from the set of rights, duties, and aims that an institution such as the one formally created entails) and affected by absolute nullity (requirements for existence and validity are lacking, in particular that of consent ([Nombre11], José Luis y Otros. Elementos de Derecho Civil: Derecho de Obligaciones, Madrid, 4th Edition, Tomo I, 2007, pp. 297 and 298) (the marriage did not really exist), since it was merely an appearance to achieve a sum of money in exchange, on one hand, and on the other, a change of immigration status, therefore it is appropriate to return to the previous situation, that is, to the one existing prior to the celebration (doctrine of article 835 paragraph 1 of the Civil Code).” </span></p><p style=\\\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt\\\"><span>&#xa0;</span></p></div></body></html>\"\n\n\"IV.- Based on the evidentiary elements contained in the case file, the following emerges: a) The co-defendant [Name1] left Colombia on September 3, 2006, and arrived in the country on the 5th of that month (folio 15). He applied for refugee status (see folios 10 et seq. and concordant). b) The co-defendant, in his procedures aimed at obtaining refugee status in the country (September 18, 2006, as recorded on folio 19), stated that he had a spouse (folio 15) and that his marital status was \"common-law union (unión de hecho)\" (folios 19, 36, and 38). In a new application dated February 19, 2008, on folio 168, he indicated that his marital status was \"free union (unión libre)\". In a sworn statement given for the loss of documents, he declared that his marital status was \"single (soltero)\" (document dated March 26, 2008, on folio 174). Furthermore, in an appeal he filed against the denial of his refugee application, he stated: \"It is worth emphasizing that seeing the fate my friend suffered by losing his life for not accepting those same proposals pushed me further to leave my home country hastily, leaving my wife and stepson running the same danger, who had to emigrate from the country due to the constant pressures inquiring about my whereabouts. They are also in Costa Rica applying for refuge, which I hope is not denied to them since I do not wish for anything in the world to return to my country and put our lives at risk, and above all the moral and integral formation of our son, who is only 15 years old and thanks to the acceptance of COSTA RICA is studying to become a good man here thanks to the support you provide us\" (document dated February 21, 2008, on folio 185). c) The marriage between the defendants took place on July 4, 2007, and was celebrated before the notary public Luis Alberto Palma León (folios 8, 9, 110, 112, 114, and 122). d) On October 22, 2007, the co-defendant sent money from the country to Colombia to his spouse or partner (the co-defendant uses both statuses interchangeably) (folio 134 in relation to folio 15). e) In August 2009, Mr. [Name1] filed a naturalization application by virtue of \"being married to a Costa Rican for more than two years and having resided in the country for that period\" (folio 120). f) The co-defendant's naturalization application was approved by virtue of the fact that \"he entered into marriage with Mrs. [Name2], a Costa Rican by birth, on the fourth day of July two thousand seven... That the petitioning party, from the constitution of the marital bond, has remained united in marriage and also resided in the country for more than two years\" (resolution of the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones at 3:56 p.m., on July 17, 2012, on folios 278 to 280. See also folios 285 to 286, 289, and 293). g) In official communication SGRC-852-12 from the Secretaría General del Registro Civil dated September 19, 2012, in a petition for nullity or non-existence of marriage, it was stated: \"On September 13, I received a call from the Secretaría General del Registro Civil, in which they asked me if I was married to a man named [Name1], of Colombian nationality, to which I answered that I had married for the reason I detail below. At the time the supposed marriage took place, we were going through a very bad economic situation. On one occasion, a friend contacted me and told me she could get money if I agreed to marry for convenience, and as I said, due to my economic necessity, I agreed to go with her to a park located at [Address1]. Two men were there, whose names I do not know, and I had never seen them until that moment. One of them showed me some papers where the name of my supposed husband, called [Name1], appeared; I then signed the papers that the man gave me and he immediately handed over the money to me. What they paid me was ¢200,000.00, which I accepted due to the situation I described above. After they gave me the money, each one went their separate way, and to this date, I have not seen any of those people again. I clarify that I do not know who [Name1] is; I have never seen him, and much less do I know him. I state that this supposed marriage, which took place on July 4, 2007, was never consummated since I have never cohabited with Mr. [Name1], who is the person I appear married to; furthermore, I do not know Lic. LUIS ALBERTO PALMA LEON, the notary who performed the legal act, and as for the witness [Name3], I do know her, as she was the person who took me to the supposed legal act; and [Name4], residency card number..., I do not know who she is, I have never seen her, and much less do I know her. I request the Secretaría General del Registro Civil to take all pertinent steps for the annulment or non-existence of this legal act, and I reiterate that the process of nullity or non-existence of the marriage of [Name1] and myself be carried out, and at the same time, that the birth registration of my son [Name5],…, be corrected, as this Mr. [Name1] is not the father of my son,…\" (folios 101 to 104). h) In the sworn statement of the plaintiff before the notary public Luis Alberto Palma León (the same who celebrated the marriage), she stated: \"… I met my husband as a hairdresser in the […] we had a short sentimental relationship as spouses; some time later we separated de facto and never saw or communicated with each other again. Much later, I received a call from the secretary of the Registro Civil that impacted me greatly and caused me great fear, with the official telling me that I had to go to the secretariat urgently or else I would be getting into a big problem. My grandmother heard the whole threatening conversation, that I had married for convenience and that Mr. [Name1] was a major drug trafficker, that he was very dangerous. They, the people from the Registro, were practically the ones who drafted the complaint and had it signed that way; I did not read anything as I was very nervous. I want to clarify that at the moment I have no intention of divorcing, but rather reconciling with my husband; we are working on that. I retract everything I said under pressure at the Registro Civil\" (sic) (folio 6. See sworn statement on folio 306). i) The co-defendant [Name2] submitted a sworn statement before the Procuraduría General de la República with the request that \"the proceeding being carried out by the Registro Civil regarding the nullity of my marriage not be processed, based on unreal and hypothetical facts; I am fine with my husband [Name1] and at the moment I am not going to divorce\" (folio 5. See also folio 307). Finally, witness [Name6] was brought in, who stated: \"I have known Mr. [Name1] and [Name2] since 2006, which is when [Name1] was cutting my hair next to the […]; I observed them as a normal couple, they walked out holding hands... I found out one time when I went that they were celebrating and they told me they were celebrating that they were getting married that very day. Another young man cut my hair that day because [Name1] was at the wedding activity, and it was like a celebration, and I asked who was getting married and he told me it was him who was getting married. They got married in the sister's little salon next to the […], where I used to go to get my hair done. After they got married, I found out they had separated, and that was because I asked [Name1] when I went to the salon why I didn't see [Name2], and he told me they had separated; they were together for about three months... Several times I would arrive and he would leave with the girl like sweethearts, they looked so good together... The salon is next to the […] but I don't remember the name. It was a beauty salon; right next to the same little beauty salon they were holding the event, it was just a little gathering... The lawyer married them, but I don't remember; they were kind of facing away and I was getting my hair done by the young man. I met her because she came to the salon. [Name1] called me to ask me to serve as a witness... [Name1] told me about two years ago that they had separated; he told me they had lasted three or four months. I don't know if they reconciled. I haven't gone to the salon for several years, about three years... I don't remember if they got married on a Saturday or during the week\" (sic) (folio 333). Under the foregoing panorama, it is deemed that the ad quem was not correct in not analyzing the evidence contained in the case file under the argument that \"it is not possible for the Procuraduría General de la República to seek the annulment of the marriage by considering it simulated based on regulations that came into force several years AFTER the questioned marriage was celebrated. In effect, if the regulations that regulate and sanction simulated marriage came into force in the year TWO THOUSAND NINE and the marriage of the defendants herein was celebrated on the fourth of July of the year TWO THOUSAND SEVEN, what is sought in other words is the retroactive application of the law, and that is contrary to Article 34 of the Constitución Política... Under these conditions, the claim cannot prosper; the defects pointed out in the complaint cannot be subject to discussion for the reason stated, therefore all the grievances of the appellant party regarding the violation of the evidence are heedless\" (folios 413 and 414), since the judge knows the law and what was intended was the nullity of the marriage and its respective registration, as well as the correction of the birth registration of the son of the co-defendant [Name2], as it was considered that this as such had not occurred and had also not generated the legal effects inherent to that act, given that what was sought to be achieved through it was another result. The fact that the legal operator specifically legislated on simulated marriage through Ley N° 8781 of November 11, 2009, does not mean that, previously, situations like those protected from the end of 2009 onward did not find a response from the legal system. The lack of an express sanction on the matter could not salvage an act that was evidently invalid and ineffective due to the absolute lack of consent to perform it. To this effect, our Carta Fundamental establishes that marriage is the essential basis of the family (Article 51. In relation, numeral 11 of the Código de Familia is found) and that the family \"as a natural element and foundation of society,\" has the special protection of the State (numeral 52. A principle that was also developed in Article 1 of the Código de Familia). For its part, in the Código de Familia, we find that numeral 11 determines the object of marriage and Articles 33 to 35, its effects. Numeral 13 of that same Code provides that \"For a marriage to exist, the consent of the contracting parties must be manifested in a legal and express manner.\" In similar terms, the Código Civil (applicable supplementarily by provision of Article 14 of said Code) regulates the matter. Thus, numeral 1007 contemplates: \"In addition to the indispensable conditions for the validity of obligations in general, for those arising from a contract, consent is required and the formalities that the law demands must be fulfilled.\" Furthermore, Article 1008 provides that \"The consent of the parties must be free and clearly manifested. The manifestation must be made verbally, in writing, or by acts from which it is necessarily deduced.\" In this way, it is noted that consent is a condition of validity in marriage. In turn, it is held that Article 21 of the same Code sanctions: \"Acts performed under the cover of a norm's text, which pursue a result prohibited by the legal system, or contrary to it, shall be considered executed in fraud of law and shall not prevent the due application of the norm that was intended to be evaded.\" With this parameter, we must assess all the evidentiary elements that have been brought to the process. In the first place, it was evidenced that prior to the celebration of the marriage (on July 4, 2007), the co-defendant [Name1] was linked de facto with another woman in Colombia (see statements of September 18, 2006), which persisted despite the bond that the marriage with the co-defendant [Name2] represented. In this regard, on February 21, 2008 (11 months and 17 days after the referred matrimonial act and before a new refugee application that was filed), the co-defendant [Name1] declared that he left his native country due to the danger he faced and came to Costa Rica \"leaving my wife and stepson running the same danger\"; however, he indicated that they had emigrated to the country, adding \"our son, who is only 15 years old, thanks to the acceptance of COSTA RICA, is studying to be able to become a good man here thanks to the support you provide us.\" It can even be noted that, in practice, Mr. [Name1] did not \"assimilate\" the married status, which reflects, together with other aspects, the appearance of that bond. Note that he, even when theoretically married, stated that his marital status was \"free union (unión libre)\" (refugee application of February 19, 2008) or \"single (soltero)\" (declaration of March 23, 2008), a circumstance that ultimately corresponds to reality. Furthermore, it is noted that on October 22, 2007 (3 months and 18 days after marrying Mrs. [Name2]), the co-defendant was sending money to his partner in Colombia. On the other hand, it cannot be ignored that the defendant [Name1] had been denied the refugee applications he processed, added to the fact that he acquired naturalization based on the marriage with the co-defendant, where it is of interest that this took place 9 months and 29 days after his arrival in Costa Rica. In this connection, it is noted that Mrs. [Name2] gave a statement before the officials of the Secretaría General del Registro Civil in which she detailed that the marriage with Mr. [Name1] was not real and that her consent was for convenience, in exchange for a sum of money (¢200,000.00), due to the economic situation she was facing. She stated that she did not know Mr. [Name1] and that the bond was never consummated, especially since she never cohabited with him, whom, she again affirmed, she did not even know. She also noted that her son had not been engendered by him. What was thus expressed could not be disproved by the sworn statement given on November 5, 2012, before the same notary who processed the simulated marriage, in which she affirmed that she had made these statements out of fear and under threat, assuring that this complaint was practically drafted by said officials (those of the Secretaría General del Registro Civil), since she did not demonstrate that the actions of the latter had been anomalous and illegal and that the facts she alleged had really happened. On the matter, it seems strange that, given what occurred, in the terms expressed by the co-defendant in the referred sworn statement, she did not file the corresponding actions against those public servants and also did not offer her grandmother as a witness, especially when she referred that the latter \"heard the whole threatening conversation.\" Likewise, it is striking that she describes that they had \"a short sentimental relationship as spouses; some time later we separated de facto and never saw or communicated with each other again,\" and that so much later she expressed that \"I have no intention of divorcing, but rather of reconciling with my husband [Name1], and at the moment I am not going to divorce,\" above all when, as expressed by the witness provided by her—and based on the statements of the co-defendant—they had cohabited for only 3 or 4 months. The excuse offered by the co-defendant regarding the fact that \"I cohabited with her, I must admit, for a short time,\" alleging that \"she was very immature for her age\" (answer to the complaint, on folios 3 to 8), does not seem acceptable, as this situation was evident. Note that when the marriage was celebrated, Mr. [Name1] was 34 years old and Mrs. [Name2] was 18 years old (document on folio 122), which leads one to question whether they had the dating relationship that they set forth in their answers to the complaint and attempted to prove with the deponent offered. Thus, one of the characteristics of marriage is not evidenced by the bond, namely that of permanent union, under which it is understood that when two people marry, they do so for life. It is also interesting that a sporadic client of the beauty salon where the co-defendant worked was brought in to demonstrate that prior to the marriage, the co-defendants knew each other and had had a dating relationship. In this regard, it is noted that she had not gone to the salon for three years, a circumstance that leads to the question: how did they locate the witness to offer her as such, when, as evidenced by her statements, she had not maintained a close relationship with the supposed couple, given that she was unaware of important details that occurred after the union, such as, for example, the separation of the spouses? And, how could they remember after so many years that this particular client was at the beauty salon when the marriage took place, despite the number of clients that come to a place of that nature, the time elapsed, and the distance that she expressed not only with the place but also with the people who worked there? In this way, a divergence is evidenced between what the parties affirmed in the protocol of the notary Palma León (the marriage) and what actually occurred and was reported to the Registro Civil by the co-defendant.\n\nIt is clear, as set forth, that the co-defendants did not wish to enter into a marriage, which is understood as “<span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">A partnership of a man and a woman who unite to perpetuate their species, to help each other, to mutually aid each other, to bear the weight of life and share their common destiny</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">” ([Nombre7],</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">. Manual de Derecho de Familia. Buenos Aires, LexisNexis Abeledo-Perrot, 12th edition, 2004, p. 32), since the co-defendant [[Nombre2]] wanted only the sum of money offered to her for entering into that act, while the co-respondent [[Nombre1]] wanted only one of the effects provided in the legal system (articles 14, subsection 5 of the Constitución Política and 2 of the</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">&#xa0;</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\"> Ley de Opciones y Naturalizaciones) for marriage under the conditions of the contracting parties here (a national and a foreigner), but not the others, a circumstance that in an institution such as marriage is not left to the will of the persons, since its effects (obligations and rights) are determined in the law (articles 33 to 35 of the Código de Familia). There was no genuine consent for the purposes of constituting a matrimonial bond, which, as mentioned before, is a requirement of its validity (that of the marriage), a condition of its existence and one of its intrinsic requirements, the absence of which entails the nonexistence of this legal institution as such</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">&#xa0;</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\"> (a precondition that is an essential condition of its constitution is lacking). The will expressed for the constitution of a marriage did not really exist, given that, as Borda states: “</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">According to the classical psychological theory, consent, to be valid, must be expressed with discernment, </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic\">intention</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">and freedom</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">” (emphasis added) (ibíd, p. 69), with which it matters not only that consent was actually given but that it meets a series of conditions, such as the desire for and acceptance of the act being performed with all its implications. In the reality of what occurred, it is clear that the purpose of that celebration between Mr. [[Nombre1]] and Mrs. [[Nombre2]] was never to have </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">a life in common and the cooperation and mutual assistance between them </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">(article 11 of the Código de Familia cited), which is reflected broadly in a “</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">bond</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">” that the parties never assimilated—and did not do so, because it did not really occur, it never existed—since it was shown that the contracting party [[Nombre1]] never assumed—not even in official documentation—that condition (that of being married) and, on the contrary, made evident a sentimental attachment with another person distinct from [[Nombre2]], who acquired—at least in formal terms—the character of his wife or spouse, added to the statements made by Mrs. [[Nombre2]], which deserve total credibility and which could not be rebutted by what was stated in the sworn statement (declaración jurada) she made before a notary, who, as stated, was the same one who recorded the supposed will to contract marriage; a sworn statement (declaración jurada) that evidently had the purpose of legitimizing that notary’s actions to avoid the legal effects of an irregular notarial action. For that reason, that evidence loses credibility, besides not being reliable and therefore not sufficient to consider the facts she reported to the State as rebutted, in addition to the fact that the facts she alleged at that time were not proven. Nor can one ignore other elements that were noted regarding the relationship or the development of these after the marriage was celebrated (there was no consent for the constitution of that legal institution and, therefore, nor was there</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">&#xa0;</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\"> the object and the cause of it). The couple, as indicated, also did not have the intention of forming a family, understood as “</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; font-style:italic\">a regime of social relations determined by institutionalized norms relating to intersexual union, procreation and kinship</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">” ([Nombre8], Eduardo. Derecho de Familia, Buenos Aires, Editorial Astrea de [Nombre9] and [Nombre10], 5th edition, Volume I, 2006, p. 3), since there was not even a relationship between them, as proven, much less with a purpose such as the one cited, given that the purposes of the parties, as stated, were very different.</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">&#xa0;</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\"> Thus, it is not possible to protect a marriage constituted under such conditions, namely: in fraud of law (a bond is created so that one of the parties achieves a specific purpose, which differs from the set of rights, duties and purposes that an institution such as the one formally created comprises) and affected by absolute nullity (requirements of existence and validity are lacking, in particular that of consent ([Nombre11]</span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"font-family:'Bookman Old Style'\">, José Luis and Others. Elementos de Derecho Civil: Derecho de Obligaciones, Madrid, 4th Edition, Volume I, 2007, pp. 297 and 298) (the marriage did not really exist), since it was a sham to obtain a sum of money in exchange, on the one hand, and on the other a change of immigration status, and therefore it is appropriate to return to the prior situation, that is, to the situation existing before the celebration (doctrine of article 835, subsection 1 of the Código Civil).” </span><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt\"><span>&#xa0;</span></p>"
}