{ "id": "nexus-sen-1-0034-1308695", "citation": "Res. 06011-2025 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI", "section": "nexus_decisions", "doc_type": "court_decision", "title_es": "Municipalidad de Santa Ana se allana a construir aceras y recuperar vía en Calle Cubilla", "title_en": "Municipality settles lawsuit to build sidewalks and restore public way on Calle Cubilla", "summary_es": "El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección VI, conoció de una demanda presentada por un vecino del cantón de Santa Ana contra la Municipalidad de ese cantón, por la omisión en la construcción de aceras, cordón de caño y la recuperación de zonas públicas invadidas en un tramo de la red vial cantonal (Calle Cubilla, calle 14 y avenida 51, hasta el Condominio Bosques de Carao). La Municipalidad, a través de su Alcalde y con autorización del Concejo Municipal, se allanó a la totalidad de las pretensiones, reconociendo la falta de infraestructura peatonal y la invasión del derecho de vía. El Tribunal, tras verificar los requisitos formales y sustanciales del allanamiento, determinó que la inactividad municipal constituía una conducta omisiva ilegítima, pues existe un deber legal preexistente de construir y mantener las aceras y el cordón de caño, así como de garantizar la movilidad segura, conforme al Código Municipal, la Ley General de Caminos Públicos, la Ley de Movilidad Peatonal y otras normas. Se acogió el allanamiento, declarando con lugar la demanda y ordenando a la Municipalidad, en plazos concretos, elaborar un nuevo diseño vial integral, construir la infraestructura faltante y remover obstáculos, bajo apercibimiento de desobediencia. Se exoneró a la demandada del pago de costas por haberse allanado antes de la audiencia preliminar.", "summary_en": "The Administrative Litigation Court, Section VI, heard a claim filed by a resident of Santa Ana against the Municipality of Santa Ana for failing to build sidewalks, curbs and gutters, and to recover invaded public areas along a stretch of cantonal roads (Calle Cubilla, Calle 14 and Avenida 51, up to Bosques de Carao Condominium). The Municipality, through its Mayor and with authorization from the Municipal Council, acquiesced to all the claims, acknowledging the lack of pedestrian infrastructure and encroachment on the right-of-way. After verifying the formal and substantive requirements of the acquiescence, the Court found that the municipality’s inaction was an unlawful omission, as there is a pre-existing legal duty to build and maintain sidewalks and curbs, and to ensure safe mobility under the Municipal Code, the General Public Roads Act, the Pedestrian Mobility Act and other regulations. The Court granted the acquiescence, upheld the claim, and ordered the Municipality, within specific timeframes, to draw up a comprehensive road design, build the missing infrastructure and remove obstructions, under penalty of contempt. The defendant was exempted from costs because it acquiesced before the preliminary hearing.", "court_or_agency": "Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI", "date": "18/06/2025", "year": "2025", "topic_ids": [ "_off-topic" ], "primary_topic_id": "_off-topic", "es_concept_hints": [ "allanamiento", "red vial cantonal", "conducta omisiva", "derecho de vía", "inactividad administrativa ilegítima", "Ley de Movilidad Peatonal 9976", "Código Municipal", "Ley General de Caminos Públicos" ], "article_citations": [], "keywords_es": [ "allanamiento", "Municipalidad de Santa Ana", "aceras", "cordón de caño", "derecho de vía", "inactividad administrativa", "red vial cantonal", "movilidad peatonal", "conducta omisiva", "recuperación de zonas públicas" ], "keywords_en": [ "consent judgment", "Municipality of Santa Ana", "sidewalks", "curb and gutter", "right-of-way", "administrative inaction", "cantonal road network", "pedestrian mobility", "omissive conduct", "recovery of public areas" ], "excerpt_es": "IX.- EN SÍNTESIS SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. - A partir de lo expuesto y luego de un análisis mesurado de los autos, este Tribunal ha constatado la inactividad administrativa ilegítima en la que incurrió la Administración demandada, que acusa la parte actora y que también reconoce la representación municipal, sin que tampoco se desprenda motivo alguno por el cual se pudiera acreditar una hipótesis de abuso o fraude procesal, ni de desproporcionalidad en el alcance de las pretensiones. De esta manera, el señor Vargas Roldán en su condición de vecino del cantón de Santa Ana ha solicitado la declaratoria de la conducta omisiva (pretensión n° 2) y en consecuencia, que se ordene el cumplimiento de los mandatos legales que han sido inobservados, lo que incluye el deber de la Municipalidad de Santa Ana de construir las obras viales que se echan de menos, esto es, las aceras y cordón de caño, y la recuperación de la plena movilidad o transitabilidad de las vías públicas cantonales existentes en el trayecto indicado en la demanda... Así las cosas, una vez determinado la satisfacción de los requisitos que el ordenamiento jurídico preceptúa para admitir el allanamiento efectuado en los autos, lo que corresponde entonces es acoger las pretensiones del actor...\n\nPOR TANTO\nPor resultar conforme con el ordenamiento jurídico, se acoge la solicitud de allanamiento incoada por la parte demandada. Por consiguiente, SE DECLARA CON LUGAR la demanda interpuesta por SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA... Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana que cese la inactividad u omisión y cumpla, en un plazo razonable, con las obligaciones impuestas por el ordenamiento jurídico a las que se han hecho referencia...", "excerpt_en": "IX.- IN SUMMARY OF THE SPECIFIC CASE. - Based on the foregoing and after a measured analysis of the record, this Court has verified the unlawful administrative inaction incurred by the defendant Administration, which the plaintiff complains of and which the municipal representative also acknowledges, without there being any reason to infer an abuse of process or fraud, or any disproportionality in the scope of the claims. Thus, Mr. Vargas Roldán, as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana, has requested a declaration of the omission (claim No. 2) and consequently, that the Court order compliance with the legal mandates that have been disregarded, which includes the duty of the Municipality of Santa Ana to build the missing road works, i.e., the sidewalks and curbs, and to restore full mobility and walkability of the cantonal public roads along the stretch indicated in the claim... Thus, having determined that the requirements prescribed by law for admitting the acquiescence filed in the record are satisfied, the proper course is to grant the plaintiff's claims...\n\nTHEREFORE\nAs it is in conformity with the law, the request for acquiescence filed by the defendant is granted. Consequently, the claim brought by SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN against the MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA is UPHELD... The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered to cease its inaction or omission and to comply, within a reasonable time, with the obligations imposed by law referred to above...", "outcome": { "label_en": "Upheld", "label_es": "Con lugar", "summary_en": "The acquiescence is granted and the claim is upheld, ordering the Municipality of Santa Ana to build the sidewalks and curbs, and to restore full walkability along the indicated road stretch.", "summary_es": "Se acoge el allanamiento y se declara con lugar la demanda, ordenando a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana construir las aceras, cordón de caño y recuperar la plena transitabilidad en el trayecto vial indicado." }, "pull_quotes": [ { "context": "Considerando VIII", "quote_en": "“…in the Court's view, there is indeed a pre-existing legal obligation imposed on Municipalities not only to inspect and supervise that property owners comply with the various requirements regarding the construction and maintenance of sidewalks; but also to ultimately step in and carry out such works when the owner or possessor fails to act.”", "quote_es": "“…en criterio del Tribunal, sí existe una obligación legal preexistente impuesta a las Municipalidades no solo para fiscalizar y supervisar que los propietarios cumplan las diferentes obligaciones dispuestas en relación con la construcción y el mantenimiento de las aceras; sino también para que, en última instancia, deba sustituirles en la ejecución de dichas obras, cuando exista inacción del propietario o poseedor.”" }, { "context": "Considerando VIII", "quote_en": "“Article 84 of the Municipal Code provides that Municipalities must carry out the construction, maintenance or rehabilitation of sidewalks on the cantonal road network within their territorial jurisdiction”", "quote_es": "“el artículo 84 del Código Municipal preceptúa que los Municipios deben efectuar la construcción, mantenimiento o rehabilitación de las aceras en la red vial cantonal que les competa territorialmente”" }, { "context": "Considerando VII", "quote_en": "“we will be facing a case of unlawful inaction, whether formal or material, to the extent that a public entity or body fails to comply with a pre-existing legal mandate imposing a duty or obligation to act, whether by issuing a formal act or performing a material act.”", "quote_es": "“estaremos ante un supuesto de una inactividad, formal o material, de carácter ilícito, en el tanto un ente u órgano público incumpla con un mandato legal preexistente que le imponga un deber o una obligación de actuar, fuera dictando un acto formal o realizado una conducta material.”" } ], "cites": [ { "id": "norm-38653", "citation": "Ley 5060", "title_en": "General Public Roads Law", "title_es": "Ley General de Caminos Públicos", "doc_type": "law", "date": "22/08/1972", "year": "1972" }, { "id": "norm-80581", "citation": "Ley 9329", "title_en": "Special Law for the Transfer of Powers: Full and Exclusive Management of the Cantonal Road Network", "title_es": "Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y", "doc_type": "law", "date": "15/10/2015", "year": "2015" }, { "id": "norm-94116", "citation": "Ley 9976", "title_en": "Pedestrian Mobility Law", "title_es": "Ley de Movilidad Peatonal", "doc_type": "law", "date": "09/04/2021", "year": "2021" }, { "id": "norm-46631", "citation": "Ley 8114", "title_en": "Tax Simplification and Efficiency Law", "title_es": "Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias", "doc_type": "law", "date": "04/07/2001", "year": "2001" }, { "id": "norm-57436", "citation": "Ley 8508", "title_en": "Contentious-Administrative Code", "title_es": "Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo", "doc_type": "law", "date": "28/04/2006", "year": "2006" }, { "id": "norm-73504", "citation": "Ley 9078", "title_en": "Law on Public Roads and Road Safety", "title_es": "Ley de Tránsito por Vías Públicas Terrestres y Seguridad Vial", "doc_type": "law", "date": "04/10/2012", "year": "2012" } ], "cited_by": [ { "id": "norm-38653", "citation": "Ley 5060", "title_en": "General Public Roads Law", "title_es": "Ley General de Caminos Públicos", "doc_type": "law", "date": "22/08/1972", "year": "1972" }, { "id": "norm-46631", "citation": "Ley 8114", "title_en": "Tax Simplification and Efficiency Law", "title_es": "Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias", "doc_type": "law", "date": "04/07/2001", "year": "2001" }, { "id": "norm-57436", "citation": "Ley 8508", "title_en": "Contentious-Administrative Code", "title_es": "Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo", "doc_type": "law", "date": "28/04/2006", "year": "2006" }, { "id": "norm-73504", "citation": "Ley 9078", "title_en": "Law on Public Roads and Road Safety", "title_es": "Ley de Tránsito por Vías Públicas Terrestres y Seguridad Vial", "doc_type": "law", "date": "04/10/2012", "year": "2012" }, { "id": "norm-80581", "citation": "Ley 9329", "title_en": "Special Law for the Transfer of Powers: Full and Exclusive Management of the Cantonal Road Network", "title_es": "Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y", "doc_type": "law", "date": "15/10/2015", "year": "2015" } ], "references": { "internal": [ { "target_id": "norm-38653", "kind": "concept_anchor", "label": "Ley 5060" }, { "target_id": "norm-80581", "kind": "concept_anchor", "label": "Ley 9329" }, { "target_id": "norm-94116", "kind": "concept_anchor", "label": "Ley 9976 Art. 2.c" } ], "external": [] }, "source_url": "https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/sen-1-0034-1308695", "tier": 2, "is_environmental": false, "_editorial_citation_count": 0, "regulations_by_article": null, "amendments_by_article": null, "dictamen_by_article": null, "concordancias_by_article": null, "afectaciones_by_article": null, "resoluciones_by_article": null, "cited_by_votos": [], "cited_norms": [], "cited_norms_inverted": [ { "doc_id": "norm-38653", "norm_num": "5060", "norm_name": "Ley General de Caminos Públicos", "tipo_norma": "Ley", "norm_fecha": "22/08/1972" }, { "doc_id": "norm-46631", "norm_num": "8114", "norm_name": "Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias", "tipo_norma": "Ley", "norm_fecha": "04/07/2001" }, { "doc_id": "norm-57436", "norm_num": "8508", "norm_name": "Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo", "tipo_norma": "Ley", "norm_fecha": "28/04/2006" }, { "doc_id": "norm-73504", "norm_num": "9078", "norm_name": "Ley de Tránsito por Vías Públicas Terrestres y Seguridad Vial", "tipo_norma": "Ley", "norm_fecha": "04/10/2012" }, { "doc_id": "norm-80581", "norm_num": "9329", "norm_name": "Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y", "tipo_norma": "Ley", "norm_fecha": "15/10/2015" } ], "sentencias_relacionadas": [], "temas_y_subtemas": [], "cascade_only": false, "amendment_count": 0, "body_es_text": "EV Generación de Machote: F:\\Gestion-Judicial\\Servidor de Archivos\\Modelos\\Contencioso\\TCRESOL016.dpj\r\n\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n????????????????\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\nTRIBUNAL DE LO CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nII Circuito Judicial de San José, Edificio Anexo A\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nCentral: 2545-00-03 Fax: 2545-00-33\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nCorreo Electrónico tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nEXPEDIENTE:\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n23-005125-1027-CA\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nPROCESO:\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\nCONOCIMIENTO\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nACTOR:\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\nSEBASTIÁN DAVID VARGAS ROLDÁN\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nDEMANDADA:\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\nMUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n N° 2025006011\n\r\n\nTRIBUNAL DE LO CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA. SECCIÓN SEXTA. - SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las once horas con treinta y ocho minutos del dieciocho de junio del dos mil veinticinco.-\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\nSolicitud de allanamiento en proceso contencioso administrativo y civil de hacienda incoado por SEBASTIÁN DAVID VARGAS ROLDÁN, portador de la cédula de identidad número 1-1105-0475, quien actúa asimismo en su condición de abogado, carné de agremiado al respectivo colegio profesional n.º 16192, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA, representada por Juan José Vargas Fallas, en su condición de Alcalde Municipal y Andrea Robles Álvarez, en calidad de abogada directora (imágenes 78 y 80 del expediente judicial electrónico). -\n\r\n\nCONSIDERANDO:\n\r\n\nI.- ASPECTOS PRELIMINARES. - A) Se emite esta resolución según las formalidades establecidas en la Ley N° 9342, Código Procesal Civil (CPC), y el Reglamento sobre Expediente Judicial Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial (REJEPJ), aprobado por Corte Plena en el artículo XXXI de la sesión N° 22-13, celebrada el 20 de mayo de 2013. En ese sentido, se hace constar que, por disposición adoptada por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial en Art. XXXV adoptado en la sesión N° 80-2024 del 05 de setiembre de 2024 y el párrafo segundo del art. 28.2 CPC, la fecha y hora que se consigna para esta resolución corresponde a la asignada automáticamente por los sistemas informáticos institucionales. B) El fallo se adopta por unanimidad, una vez realizada la respectiva deliberación y en el plazo previsto en el artículo 82.5 del Reglamento Autónomo de Organización y Servicio de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, con la redacción de la resolución a cargo del informante, juzgador Aguilar Méndez, con el voto y opinión concurrente de las personas juzgadoras Garita Navarro y Abarca Gómez. C) Se dicta esta resolución que da por terminado el proceso de manera anticipada, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 114 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (CPCA). Por consiguiente, siendo que no se ha llevado a cabo la fase de audiencia preliminar conforme lo regula el canon 90 ibídem, se tendrá en cuenta para el dictado de la resolución respectiva la totalidad de la prueba documental aportada a los autos, empero será dentro del examen deliberativo de fondo que se asignará el valor que corresponda a las piezas probatorias que resulten relevantes y pertinentes para este fallo, conforme a las reglas de la sana crítica racional (Art. 82 CPCA). D) Con base en lo preceptuado en el artículo 147 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, así como el principio de equivalencia funcional de los documentos electrónicos, dispuesto en los artículos 3 de la Ley de Certificados, Firmas Digitales y Documentos Electrónicos, y 11 REJEPJ, aunado a que el CPC únicamente requiere la identificación de la fuente probatoria del elenco de hechos probados y no probados de la sentencia (Art. 61.2.2), y tomando en cuenta que, el acervo documental correspondiente al expediente judicial se encuentra incorporado directamente en las bases de datos de este Poder de la República, esta Cámara ha decidido que para fines de referencia e identificación de las pruebas documentales y los actos procesales que allí se encuentren contenidos, únicamente se indicarán los números de imágenes (im. /ims.) en las que éstas consten en el documento digital que -en archivo formato “.pdf” y ordenado de manera ascendente-, ha sido descargado de la aplicación informática del expediente judicial electrónico, a la fecha de la presente resolución. –\n\r\n\nII.- RESPECTO DEL TRÁMITE DE ESTE ASUNTO. - La demanda en este proceso se interpuso el 08 de setiembre de 2013, en contra de la Municipalidad de Santa Ana. Tal y como se desarrollará infra, se trata de una acción con un denotado carácter prestacional, ya que lo que se combate es una supuesta conducta omisiva incurrida de parte de esa Corporación local, consistente en la falta de aceras y cordón de caño, así como la invasión de zonas públicas, en una extensión territorial que comprende “…donde inicia la intersección de Calle Cubilla con la vía No. 310, continuando por la calle 14, pasando en frente del Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana y pasando por el frente del Condominio Bosques de Carao…“. Tras una prevención efectuada en resolución de las 07:34 horas del 25 de setiembre de 2023, la parte actora procedió, entre otros aspectos, a corregir el tema de los fundamentos de su demanda. En auto de las 12:47 horas del 15 de enero de 2024, el Juez Tramitador otorgó traslado de la demanda a la Municipalidad accionada, que contestó afirmativamente el 31 de mayo de ese año . En ese sentido, el Gobierno local aportó a los autos la autorización para allanarse dada por el Concejo Municipal de Santa Ana, en el acuerdo n° 4 adoptado en el Artículo VI.1 de la sesión ordinaria número 03 celebrada el 21 de mayo de 2024. En resolución de las 11:38 horas del 19 de junio de 2024, la Jueza Tramitadora dispuso tener por contestada la demanda y en virtud del allanamiento efectuado por la Municipalidad, ordenó “...el pase de los autos para ante el Tribunal de fondo, para lo de su cargo…”. Posteriormente, por resolución n.º 2025000848 de las 20:04 horas del 04 de febrero de 2025, titulada “...[s]e resuelve ALLANAMIENTO A LA DEMANDA presentado por la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA, según lo que de seguido se dirá…”, esa misma Juzgadora dispone “...POR TANTO: Remítase el presente asunto al Equipo 6 para que proceda según lo dispuesto en el numeral 114, inciso 4, del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo…”. Sin embargo, el presente asunto no es sino puesto en conocimiento de este Tribunal hasta el 14 de mayo del año en curso. Es así como, una vez revisado lo acontecido en el proceso y por medio de resolución de las 13:07 horas del 19 de mayo, se determinó efectuar una serie de prevenciones a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana, de manera tal que pudiera aclarar varias cuestiones que llamaron la atención de esta Cámara, las cuales fueron atendidas mediante escritos de la Corporación local colgados en el expediente judicial electrónicos, en fechas 26 de mayo y 05 de junio siguientes (este aspecto será retomado infra). Valga decir, que se puso en conocimiento de la parte actora lo sucedido mediante auto de las 08:54 horas del 28 de mayo, sin que ésta se hubiera manifestado al respecto. - \n\r\n\nIII.- OBJETO DEL PROCESO. - En el caso sub examine no se ha realizado la respectiva audiencia preliminar, de modo que el objeto del proceso (Art. 119.1 CPCA) lo constituyen las pretensiones originalmente formuladas en la acción, las cuales indican expresamente lo siguiente: \n\r\n\n“…PRETENSIONES\n\r\n\n1. Que se declare con lugar en todos sus extremos la presente demanda\n\r\n\n2. Que se declare que la Corporación Municipal ha incumplido con una obligación de gestionar, notificar a los propietarios de bienes inmuebles en la zona geográfica indicada en esta demanda para que suplan la conducta administrativa omisiva en lo que respecta a: Recuperación de las zonas públicas ante la invasión, construcción de aceras de calidad, construcción del cordón de caño.\n\r\n\n3. Que ante la omisión de la Corporación Municipal demandada por hacer cumplir la legislación y conminar a los administrados propietarios de bienes inmuebles circunvecinos al área geográfica detallada en esta demanda, se ha hecho responsable de suplir la necesidad en las obras de infraestructura de construcción de aceras, cordón de caño y recuperación de zonas públicas actualmente invadidas por los propietarios de bienes inmuebles vecinos. \n\r\n\n4. Que se declare que la Corporación Municipal demandada debe construir las obras de infraestructura de construcción de aceras de calidad, cordón de caño y recuperación de zonas públicas actualmente invadidas por los propietarios de bienes inmuebles vecinos en la zona geográfica indicada.\n\r\n\n5. Que se le fije plazo a la corporación municipal demandada para llevar a cabo dichas obras bajo pena de ser acusadas las personas responsables del delito de desobediencia a la autoridad.\n\r\n\n6.Que la zona geográfica donde debe suplirse la conducta administrativa omisiva en lo que respecta a la construcción de aceras y cordón de caño, así como la recuperación de las zonas públicas es desde donde inicia la intersección de Calle Cubilla con la vía No. 310, continuando por la calle 14, pasando en frente del Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana y pasando por el frente del Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n\r\n\n7. Que se condene a la Corporación Municipal demandada la realización de las obras de calidad, es decir que sean transitables, adecuadas a la ley para personas con discapacidad, y que se garantice su durabilidad, mismas que deben construirse frente a los predios que se ubican frente· a la ruta ya indicada y toda obra de infraestructura accesoria, calle, cordón de caño y las que sean necesarias garantizando la seguridad peatonal de quienes transitamos por dicha vía.\n\r\n\n8. Que en caso de que la entidad municipal demandada no cuente con recursos tomen las precauciones presupuestarias y se asigne la respectiva partida para el siguiente presupuesto.\n\r\n\n9. Que se condene a la entidad demandada al pago de ambas costas de esta acción.\n\r\n\n10. Que sobre cualquier monto que resulte condenada dicha institución se imponga el pago de intereses…”.\n\r\n\nLa representación de la Municipalidad, en su contestación afirmativa indicó que se allanaba a la demanda en los siguientes términos:\n\r\n\n“…ALLANAMIENTO \n\r\n\nComo lo evidencia el informe MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 es cierto, como lo indica el actor, que no hay aceras sobre la Calle Cubilla y que la Municipalidad no ha notificado a los propietarios la obligación de hacer las aceras; consecuentemente nos allanamos a la totalidad de las pretensiones de la demanda, para lo cual he solicitado la autorización del Concejo Municipal…”\n\r\n\nSin embargo, el texto del allanamiento presentaba una serie de inconsistencias que generaron dudas a este Tribunal, motivo por el que, en auto de las 13:07 horas del 19 de mayo de 2025, se procedió a apercibir a la Municipalidad a fin de que aclarara, primero, las omisiones comprendidas en su allanamiento, y en segundo, la naturaleza jurídica y alcances de un aparte titulado “propuesta para cumplirlas” (pretensiones). Dicha solicitud fue atendida por la Municipalidad mediante memorial colgado en el expediente electrónico en fecha 26 de mayo anterior. En esa oportunidad, manifestó que el allanamiento comprendía la falta de aceras, cordón de caño y la invasión de áreas públicas; y que el aparte de \"propuesta\" no suponía una condición, sino una solicitud de plazo para el cumplimiento de las obras y que la misma refería a la fase de ejecución de la eventual sentencia. En ese sentido, aportó el 05 de junio siguiente, el documento con el que completaba el acuerdo de allanamiento por parte del Concejo Municipal, el cual será analizado posteriormente. -\n\r\n\nIV.- DEL ALLANAMIENTO COMO FORMA ANTICIPADA DE TERMINACIÓN DEL PROCESO. - A partir del artículo 112 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, se establecen una serie de institutos a través de los cuales puede válidamente concluir un proceso ante esta jurisdicción, distintos a la sentencia. Dice la norma en cuestión: “… Además de los otros mecanismos establecidos por la ley, el proceso podrá terminar de manera anticipada, por los medios establecidos en este capítulo, y la resolución que así lo disponga tendrá autoridad de cosa juzgada…” (Resaltado no es del original). Estas formas procesales se caracterizan en general, porque no conllevan un pronunciamiento sobre las pretensiones y el fondo del caso concreto, de allí que se les denomine como modos “anticipados” de terminación del proceso, precisamente, por que ocurren en una fase intelectiva previa al fallo propiamente dicho. El Código de rito prevé un total de siete de estas modalidades, a saber: la caducidad del proceso (artículo 112 bis), el desistimiento (artículo 113), el allanamiento total o parcial (artículo 114), la satisfacción extraprocesal (artículo 115), la equiparación de resolución administrativa (artículo 116), transacción (artículo 117) y cumplimiento de conducta omitida (artículo 118). Cada una de éstas, posee diversos requisitos y efectos jurídicos (formales y materiales), lo que a su vez supone, en mayor o menor medida, un análisis del parte del órgano jurisdiccional que conoce el asunto. En lo que aquí interesa, el allanamiento es la finalización del proceso que se produce a raíz de un acto unilateral de la parte demandada, en el que ésta declara su voluntad, expresa e inequívoca, de acogerse a las pretensiones que han sido deducidas en su contra -con los efectos jurídicos que implica-, de modo que accede a éstas de manera total o parcial, sin sujeción a condición o término legal alguno, o a contraprestaciones de la persona demandante (como sucede, por ejemplo, en el caso de la transacción). Sin embargo, la sola introducción de ese acto al expediente, no es suficiente per se para dar por concluido el proceso, ya que como lo preceptúa el artículo 114.4 CPCA, la autoridad jurisdiccional debe corroborar previamente si con el allanamiento se infringe o no el ordenamiento jurídico, lo que resulta acorde con el control de legalidad atribuido constitucionalmente a esta jurisdicción (Art. 49 CPOL). Dicho escrutinio debe de efectuarse desde una doble perspectiva: formal y sustancial. Desde el punto de vista adjetivo, se requiere que el acto procesal de allanamiento: (1) suponga el consentimiento expreso e inequívoco de la parte demandada de acceder, total o parcialmente, a las pretensiones de quien acciona, no a los hechos, los alegatos o las pruebas en las que se sustente; (2) emane de quien legítimamente puede llevarlo a cabo, esto es, de la parte demandada a quien se le atribuye la pretensión, no un coadyuvante o un tercero ajeno a ésta, en el caso de pluralidad de partes pasivas. Valga decir que ese análisis supone, también, valorar la capacidad y debida representación de quien se allana a la demanda; (3) se otorgue en el momento procesal que corresponda, es decir, antes de sentencia, no en una fase posterior, sea recursiva o de ejecución; y (4) en el caso de las Administraciones Públicas, junto con el acto de allanamiento deberán aportar ante el Tribunal la autorización respectiva emitida por el órgano competente para ello, según las reglas definidas en los numerales 114.2 y 114.3 CPCA. Ha afirmado la Sala Primera al respecto:“...En el caso de que sea la Administración Pública quien pretende allanarse, debe presentar el acuerdo o la resolución adoptada por el órgano competente – el jerarca -, autorizando tal manifestación de voluntad, lo cual es lógico, además, conforme al principio de legalidad que rige el actuar administrativo previsto en el numeral 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública y en el artículo 11 de la Carta Magna…” (Sentencia n.º 497-A-S1-2023 de las 09:16 horas del 13 de abril de 2023. Resaltado no es del original). Por otra parte, en razón de las atribuciones que posee este Tribunal como garante de la juridicidad de la actividad administrativa, así como de los derechos subjetivos e intereses legítimos de los administrados (Arts. 49, 154 y 166 Constitución Política, 8 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial, 8 y 10 Ley General de la Administración Pública, 1 CPCA, así como supletoriamente, los artículos 19 a 22 Código Civil y 4 a 6 y 39 Código Procesal Civil), desde el punto de vista sustancial, se requiere que la autoridad jurisdiccional determine y compruebe: (a) la conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico de aquello que ha sido objeto de allanamiento (mediante la verificación de sus presupuestos materiales, a saber: legitimación -activa y pasiva-, interés actual y derecho); (b) que la acción no sea resultado de un fraude procesal, mala fe o un ejercicio antisocial o abusivo de derecho; y (c) la razonabilidad y proporcionalidad de las pretensiones sobre las que ha operado el allanamiento en relación con el interés público, quedando habilitado el Tribunal, conforme el numeral 131.3 CPCA, para graduar y dimensionar los efectos del fallo en el tiempo, el espacio o la materia, si fuera necesario a fin de resguardar la estabilidad social y la seguridad jurídica. Valga decir, por último, que este Tribunal ha reiterado en múltiples ocasiones que este ejercicio de comprobación se colige como una derivación lógica del control de legalidad que, por imperativo constitucional, debe realizar esta Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa. No podría ser de otra forma pues a tono con esta finalidad de control, el juzgador no podría prohijar allanamientos que en el fondo, conlleven o supongan infracciones sustanciales al ordenamiento jurídico o dislocaciones al interés público, dado que ello se traduciría en el abandono de la garantía constitucional encargada a esta jurisdicción. De ese modo, ante la manifestación de la parte demandada de allanarse a la acción incoada en su contra, el juzgador debe ponderar si lo que en el fondo se pretende y constituye el objeto del proceso, se ajusta a ese parámetro de juridicidad, caso en el cual, dará por terminado el proceso, o por el contrario, resolverá lo que en derecho corresponda para concretar esa finalidad de tutela del ordenamiento jurídico. Por demás, es claro que cuando existan codemandados, el proceso debe continuar respecto de aquellos que no se hayan allanado, cuando así corresponda en atención al objeto debatido. -\n\r\n\nV.- EXAMEN DEL CASO CONCRETO.- a) Análisis de los presupuestos formales del allanamiento.- En el sub judice, la contestación afirmativa de la demanda viene suscrita directamente por quien detenta el cargo de Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana (imágenes 74 a 78, 80 y 132 a 134), órgano que según el artículo 17 inciso n) del Código Municipal, ostenta la representación legal del Gobierno Local. Este manifestó de manera expresa e inequívoca la voluntad de esa Administración de acceder a la totalidad de las pretensiones. Así fue confirmado, precisamente, a raíz de la prevención efectuada por este Despacho, indicando el representante municipal sobre los alcances del allanamiento, que éste comprendía “...la construcción de aceras, el cordón de caño en [sic] necesario para la debida relación de esta con la rasante del pavimento de la calzada. / Y siendo que la acera forma parte del derecho de vía, deben ser eliminadas las estructuras y plantas que estén fuera de la línea de propiedad privada que obstaculicen la construcción de esta…”. Asimismo, manifestó que no se objetaba la extensión territorial en la que se materializaba la omisión, por el contrario, aceptó que era tal y como se mencionaba en la demanda. Por último, se coteja del expediente que se han presentado dos acuerdos del Concejo Municipal de Santa Ana autorizando el allanamiento (visibles a imágenes 106 y 141 expediente judicial), órgano que posee la competencia jerárquica en la materia, toda vez que al tratarse el objeto de este asunto de la impugnación de conducta omisiva en relación con la construcción y mantenimiento de infraestructura en la red vial cantonal, concretamente, aceras, cordón de caño e invasión del derecho de vía. Esto según se desprende de los numerales 13 incisos a) y e) del Código Municipal, en tanto le corresponde a ese órgano determinar las políticas y prioridades de desarrollo del municipio, así como el compromiso y autorización de los egresos municipales, en especial, lo relativo al cumplimiento de las competencias de administración de la red vial cantonal previstas en las leyes N.º 5060 de 22 de agosto de 1972, Ley General de Caminos Públicos, 8114 de 04 de julio de 2001, Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias, 9329 de 15 de octubre de 2015, Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal, 9789 del 09 de diciembre de 2019, Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional, 9976 de 06 de abril de 2021, Ley de Movilidad Peatonal, entre otras, así como sus respectivos reglamentos. Así las cosas, se aportó, en primer lugar, el acuerdo n° 4 adoptado en el Artículo VI.1 de la sesión ordinaria del Concejo Municipal número 03 celebrada el 21 de mayo de 2024, que indica lo siguiente: \n\r\n\n“…ACUERDO N° 04: CON DISPENSA DE TRÁMITE DE COMISIÓN, SE APRUEBA POR UNANIMIDAD Y EN FIRME: PRIMERO: SE APRUEBA LA MOCIÓN PRESENTADA POR EL SEÑOR REGIDOR PROPIETARIO, GONZALO ROJAS ROJAS Y SE ACOGE EL OFICIO N.°MSA-ALC-01-044-2024, DE FECHA 15 DE MAYO DE 2024, SUSCRITO POR LA LICDA. ANDREA ROBLES ÁLVAREZ, ENCARGADA DEL PROCESO DE ASESORÍA LEGAL; SEGUNDO: ANTE LA DEMANDA QUE SE TRAMITA BAJO EL EXPEDIENTE 23-005125-0027-CA, INTERPUESTA POR EL SEÑOR SEBASTIAN VARGAS ROLDAN, ESTE CONCEJO MUNICIPAL RECONOCE QUE NO HAY ACERAS SOBRE LA CALLE CUBILLA Y QUE LA MUNICIPALIDAD NO HA NOTIFICADO A LOS PROPIETARIOS LA OBLIGACIÓN DE HACERLAS; CONSECUENTEMENTE NOS ALLANAMOS A LA TOTALIDAD DE LAS PRETENSIONES DE LA DEMANDA Y SE AUTORIZA AL ALCALDE A PRESENTAR ESTE ALLANAMIENTO JUNTO CON UNA PROPUESTA PARA CUMPLIRLAS; TERCERO: NOTIFÍQUESE A LA ADMINISTRACIÓN MUNICIPAL, PARA QUE REDIRIJA ESTE ACUERDO A LOS DEPARTAMENTOS CORRESPONDIENTES E INSTRUYA LO PERTINENTE…” (Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nY posteriormente, bajo apercibimiento de este Tribunal, se aportó el acuerdo n.º 09 de ese mismo órgano, adoptado en el Artículo VI de la sesión ordinaria n.º 57 celebrada el 03 de junio anterior, en el que se dispuso lo siguiente: \n\r\n\n“...POR TANTO\n\r\n\nEste Concejo Municipal acuerda:\n\r\n\nDe conformidad con la solicitud realizada por el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, dentro del proceso contencioso 23-005125-027-CA, se aprueba aclarar al Tribunal que: \n\r\n\n“El allanamiento autorizado mediante el acuerdo 04 adoptado en la sesión ordinaria 04 celebrada el 21 de mayo de 2024, consiste en que la Municipalidad recuperará las áreas públicas invadidas, construirá las aceras y el correspondiente cordón de caño de la Calle Cubilla que comprende la Avenida 55 iniciando en la intersección con la ruta 310, la calle 14 en su totalidad y la Avenida 51 hasta el Condominio Bosques de Carao; trayecto ilustrado en la imagen del referido acuerdo en la transcripción 347-2024 aportada con la contestación de la demanda.” …” (Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nColige este Tribunal que, en efecto, el órgano competente para ello ha autorizado el allanamiento como tal. Por ende, se tienen por satisfechos los requisitos procesales para dicha forma anticipada de terminación del proceso; por lo que iniciaremos seguidamente con el análisis sustantivo. -\n\r\n\nVI.- CONTINÚA. - b) Análisis del allanamiento desde el punto de vista sustancial.- Como primer paso, el Tribunal debe corroborar la satisfacción de los presupuestos de fondo o materiales, es decir, aquellos requisitos que son necesarios a efectos de poder acoger o denegar lo pedido, incluso con prescindencia de los alegatos construidos por las partes, toda vez que son revisables de oficio (sentencias de la Sala Primera n.º 317-F-S1-2008 de las 09:10 horas del 02 de mayo de 2008, 1548-F-SI-2011 de las 09:20 horas del 22 de diciembre de 2011, 1266-F-S1-2019 de las 14:35 horas del 11 de julio de 2019, 667-F-S1-2021 de las 15:40 horas del 18 de marzo de 2021 y 529-F-S1-2024 de las 09:36 horas del 24 de mayo del 2024, entre otras). Constituyen dichos presupuestos materiales: 1) la susceptibilidad de que la acción se constituya en un medio o recurso judicial efectivo para incidir en la esfera jurídica de los sujetos litigantes (legitimación ad causam), 2) el juicio de idoneidad y utilidad de la pretensión material en solventar la causa de pedir o causa petendi (interés actual) y por último, 3) la conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico de lo pedido (Derecho). Si todos o alguno de estos requisitos no son cumplidos en el caso concreto, la persona juzgadora se encuentre impedida de acceder a lo peticionado, incluso con la venia del demandado. Proceder de modo contrario supondría habilitar el dictado de fallos antijurídicos, lo cual contradice la finalidad misma del aparato de justicia en un Estado democrático y social de Derecho, amén de que se prestaría para el abuso y fraude procesal lo cual se encuentra explícitamente vedado en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico (Arts 2 y 8 LOPJ, 19 a 22 CCIV y 4 a 6 y 39 CPC). Iniciaremos el análisis del caso concreto indicando que, según se desprende de los autos, a la fecha de interposición de la demanda, esto es, el 08 de setiembre de 2023, el aquí actor, el señor Sebastián David Vargas Roldán, era vecino del distrito de Pozos en el cantón de Santa Ana, al residir en el condominio Villa Real ubicado en dicha localidad (hecho no controvertido) y que en dicha condición presentó, en fecha 17 de abril de 2023, un escrito ante la Municipalidad de Santa Ana en la que reclamó la omisión de construir aceras en el área que “…inicia [con] la intersección de calle Cubilla con la vía No. 310, continuando por calle 14, pasando en frente del centro de educación especial de Santa Ana y pasando por el frente del Condominio Bosques de Carao…”, además de que, según su dicho, se permitió la invasión de zonas públicas, donde deberían ubicarse acerca, zona verde y cordón de caño. Denunció en esa ocasión, que dichas omisiones han provocado que los vecinos de la localidad tuvieran que caminar por la carretera “donde circulan vehículos automotores a gran velocidad”, poniendo en riesgo su vida y la de las personas que a diario transitan por la zona. Solicitó que estableciera un plan para atender la situación y que la construcción de aceras, cordón de caño, obras de alcantarillado y otros mobiliarios urbanos fueran de calidad y tomaran en consideración a las necesidades de la población con discapacidad (imágenes 11 a 14 del expediente judicial). El 20 de abril de 2023, el Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana emitió dos oficios, a saber: uno con consecutivo MSA-ALC-04-264-2023, en el que contestó al aquí accionante y le indicó que, tratándose de un sector prioritario dentro del plan cantonal de movilidad sostenible, procedería a gestionar el “informe diagnóstico del tramo de vía indicado en la solicitud”, y luego, el oficio n° MSA-ALC-04-266-2023, en el que conforme lo anterior, instruyó a varias dependencias a que realizaran “…las acciones necesarias para rendir en plazo prudencial, un informe de la infraestructura existente en sitio; posibles invasiones del derecho de vía y la infraestructura necesaria para poder iniciar la notificación a los propietarios de la construcción de aceras…” (imágenes 15 a 17 del expediente judicial). Posteriormente, por medio de oficio n° MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 fechado 03 de mayo de 2023, suscrito por los funcionarios Carlos Morales Sandoval y Julio Retana Valverde, ambos de la Municipalidad de Santa Ana, se rindió el informe técnico solicitado por la Alcaldía Municipal. Dicho documento resulta trascendental para el presente asunto, tanto así que no sólo forma parte del sustento probatorio de la demanda, sino que además constituye el insumo técnico utilizado por el Gobierno Local para fundamentar su allanamiento, tanto en el escrito presentado ante este Tribunal, como en los acuerdos adoptados por el Concejo Municipal. En primer lugar, a efectos de poder atender lo peticionado en vía administrativa (y reiterado ante esta sede judicial en la demanda), esto es, el incumplimiento en la construcción y mantenimiento de infraestructura vial, los funcionarios municipales procedieron a localizar el sector de la ruta cantonal en cuestión: Calle Cubilla, desde la intersección con la ruta nacional 310 hasta el Condominio Bosques de Carao. En ese sentido, el informe describe que ese trayecto comprende tramos en tres (3) vías locales, a saber: la avenida 055A, la calle 014 y la avenida 051, el cual fue representado gráficamente (línea punteada de color amarillo) en la siguiente imagen (figura 1): -\n\r\n\n\r\n\nEl informe aclara que el estudio realizado se efectuó con base en un montaje catastral, fotografía aérea orto rectificada de la calle y los terrenos frente a esa vía pública, así como levantamiento topográfico y registro fotográfico, según visita de campo efectuada el 25 de abril de 2023. Ahora bien, en cuanto a la infraestructura vial que interesa en este asunto, es decir, las aceras y cordón de caño, el informe arroja que en el primer tramo (avenida 055A), del levantamiento topográfico y la visita de campo (acompaña con fotografías) “...no existen verdaderas aceras conformadas, ya que únicamente existen en cortos segmentos, sin embargo, estos no cumplen con lineamientos mínimos de acera…”, además de la presencia de infraestructura eléctrica (postes y otros) y pluvial que interrumpen el paso peatonal; asimismo, se indica que “...se observan pequeños tramos del cordón de caño por el costado sur, sin embargo, dicha infraestructura no es funcional, ya que no es continua, ocasionando que parte del agua que escurre por la calzada se filtre hacia adentro de las propiedades…”. En el segundo tramo (calle 014), el informe apunta que “...existen aceras conformadas de ancho variable, siendo el más angosto de aproximadamente 0.77m, en otros puntos 1.20 m y hasta 1.5 m…” sin embargo, “...en el costado este las aceras existentes se reducen hasta desaparecer, ya que en el entronque con la AV. 051 A se ubica un pozo donde descarga otra cuneta…”, asimismo, se dice que en dicha intersección las aceras “...son angostas en algunos frentes o están sin construir como se observa en parte del costado oeste de la calle…”. Respecto del cordón de caño, en el dictamen se precisa que “...se observa a ambos lados cordón de caño…”. En el tercer tramo (avenida 051), el informe arroja varias situaciones de importancia. Primero, en el costado norte de la vía, iniciando con el entronque con la calle 014, no existe acera “...por la aparición de un pozo y una cuneta. / 2.3.5.5 Dicha cuneta se extiende a lo largo del costado norte de la AV.051 hasta llegar a una pequeña red de pozos frente al Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana, en donde nuevamente aparece un espacio de acera conformada; el único existente en el tramo en cuestión, el cual es de dominio privado…”. Después de este espacio, se indica que la acera vuelve a desaparecer “...dando pie a otra cuneta que recoge aguas de la avenida en cuestión...” . En lo que respecta al costado sur, en el informe se detalla que “...no se aprecia infraestructura de aceras, ya que la orilla de la calle y la línea de propiedad existentes en sitio son casi coincidentes…”. Adiciona, finalmente el informe “...Tanto al inicio como al final de la avenida 051 no existen aceras o cordón de caño, sí existe en parte cuneta, existe arbustos que crecen sobre el derecho de vía según se observa…”. Por último, en cuanto a las invasiones del derecho de vía, que es una de las omisiones reclamadas, el informe indica que los tres tramos indicados “...no muestra[n] invasiones aparentes por tapias o paredes al derecho de vía según las líneas de propiedad...”, empero sí apunta la presencia de techos en portones, plantas o arbustos que sí se encuentran dentro del derecho de vía. Valga destacar que en una de las conclusiones de este dictamen técnico, los funcionarios responsables determinan que “...con la conformación actual del derecho vial, no existe espacio para la construcción de aceras…”. Finalmente, recomienda dicho informe técnico “…la elaboración de un nuevo diseño del derecho vial que sea integral y que incluya aceras, cordón y caño en ambos costados de la vía pública para favorecer el desplazamiento peatonal, considerando el ancho del derecho vial existente definido por las líneas de propiedad conformadas en sitio y la infraestructura pluvial ya existente (pozos, tragantes, cunetas y desfogues)…”. En resumen, podemos colegir de este informe y de los demás elementos de prueba allegados al expediente judicial, que sí existe una falta o una deficiente infraestructura vial en el trayecto que es objeto de reclamo, lo que pone en peligro la vida e integridad física de los peatones que por allí transiten, lo cual es de absoluto conocimiento de parte del Municipio. Por ende, observa este Tribunal que sí hay un sustento fáctico en la causa de pedir, así como en la solicitud de allanamiento efectuada por la Municipalidad, por lo que se puede excluir desde ya que ésta suponga una hipótesis de abuso o fraude procesal, quedando por determinar si efectivamente estamos frente a una conducta omisiva incurrida por parte del Gobierno Local y por tanto, si asiste Derecho que justifique el allanamiento realizado por la Administración Municipal. -\n\r\n\nVII.- El CONTROL DE LA INACTIVIDAD ADMINISTRATIVA ILEGÍTIMA. – En el fondo de este asunto, se pretende -en síntesis- que se declare que la Municipalidad de Santa Ana ha incumplido con deberes públicos relativos a la construcción de aceras y cordón de caño, así como la recuperación de espacios públicos que aduce la parte actora han sido invadidos por los vecinos de Calle Cubilla y, en consecuencia, se le imponga al Municipio la obligación tanto de realizar esas obras, como de recuperar las zonas públicas que, alega, fueron invadidas. Empero la Municipalidad se ha allanado a esas pretensiones, eso no supone automáticamente una sentencia estimatoria, toda vez que, tal y como explicamos anteriormente, se debe determinar que lo peticionado en la demanda no suponga una infracción al ordenamiento jurídico (Art. 114.4 CPCA). Así las cosas, siendo que se impugna una conducta omisiva es menester, primero, comprender el alcance del control jurisdiccional de esas forma de disfunción administrativa. Iniciamos diciendo que el principio de legalidad, como fundamento último de la conducta administrativa en un Estado Democrático de Derecho, en su doble vertiente, positiva y negativa, sostiene que la habilitación última para el funcionamiento de las entidades públicas se encuentra asentada en el ordenamiento jurídico, de manera tal que ésta sólo podrá llevar a cabo aquellas conductas autorizadas en el sistema normativo, sea porque se restringe su acción o inacción a supuestos condicionados concretos (legalidad negativa), o bien, porque se faculta la consecución de objetivos de política pública a través de medidas genéricas, en el tanto éstas resulten razonables y proporcionadas para alcanzar esos cometidos (legalidad positiva). Así, hablamos de inactividad administrativa, en aquellos supuestos en los que las Administraciones Públicas se mantienen pasivas e inmóviles, esto es, que omiten dictar actos (inactividad formal) o realizar hechos jurídicos (inactividad material). Esa falta de acción, por sí misma, no resulta contraria a Derecho, toda vez que puede obedecer a hipótesis en las que no exista habilitación normativa o bien, porque el ordenamiento imponga un deber de abstención. Por ende, es necesario distinguir entre inactividad legítima e ilegítima, lo que dependerá en última instancia en si la inercia institucional resulta conforme o disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico. En síntesis, estaremos ante un supuesto de una inactividad, formal o material, de carácter ilícito, en el tanto un ente u órgano público incumpla con un mandato legal preexistente que le imponga un deber o una obligación de actuar, fuera dictando un acto formal o realizado una conducta material. Esta Sección, en sentencia N° 33-2018-VI de las 15:00 horas del 15 de marzo del 2018, explicó a profundidad los supuestos de inactividad ilegítima, en los siguientes términos:- \n\r\n\n“…Cuarto: En desarrollo de lo enunciado, en lo que concierne al análisis o control de la conducta omisiva, resulta necesario distinguir la diversidad de los supuestos en los que se puede dar. En lo concerniente a la inactividad formal o conducta omisiva formal, está referida a la falta de declaración de voluntad, juicio o conocimiento con ocasión de una gestión formulada por un administrado, con la consecuente ausencia del ejercicio de una competencia o potestad pública, respecto de una situación jurídica singular. Así, se puede dar por el no inicio del procedimiento administrativo, por la no tramitación o instrucción de una gestión, o su no resolución, que puede generar la caducidad o el no dictado del acto final o definitivo, que a su vez generaría el silencio negativo (acto presunto). Pero también la omisión formal comprende la falta a la obligación impuesta por el ordenamiento jurídico de emitir disposiciones reglamentarias, cuando hay previsión de norma constitucional o legal al respecto; así como a la inactividad formal convencional, referida a la no suscripción de contratos, bilaterales o plurilaterales y con ello se afecte el interés público o de los concesionarios y, finalmente a la inactividad en el ejercicio de acciones procesales de titularidad administrativa, esto es, cuando la Administración no plantea los procesos y pretensiones que puede deducir, en tutela de bienes e intereses públicos, como sería el supuesto de que la entidad pública encargada de la administración de un bien de dominio público en concreto, no formule la acción procesal correspondiente frente a una situación de amenaza o riesgo sobre el mismo. Por su parte, la inactividad material está referida a la omisión de las administraciones públicas de realizar alguna actividad técnica o material de trascendencia externa, que comprende el ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas (como por ejemplo, las referidas a acciones de control y fiscalización o de seguridad; o acciones en la tutela y resguardo del medio ambiente y salud de los administrados), la ejecución de actos administrativos favorables o la prestación de servicios públicos debidos. […] Quinto: Lógicamente que tratándose del control de legalidad de esta forma de manifestación de la función administrativa –sea la conducta omisiva–, verificada la omisión acusada, esto es, la no realización de la conducta (formal o material) impuesta por el ordenamiento jurídico (en el sentido explicado anteriormente, sea sobre la base del bloque de legalidad o de juridicidad), la consecuencia inmediata es la condena a la Administración de hacer o cumplir la conducta omitida, conforme a la previsión del inciso g) del artículo 122 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo...” (Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nPor contraposición a lo antes expuesto, se considerará como legítima toda aquella inactividad administrativa sea material o formal que, por un lado, no tenga como antecedente condicionante la inobservancia de un deber u obligación jurídica preexistente, o bien, porque sea resultado de la imposición de un deber jurídico de abstención a una Administración Pública concreta (Arts. 42.2.j y 122.j CPCA). Así las cosas, a efectos de determinar o no la procedencia del allanamiento debemos analizar, primero, si efectivamente en el caso sub examine nos encontramos o no de cara a una inactividad administrativa ilegítima en los términos antes expuestos y, por ende, si se debe o no imponer a la Corporación local demandada un deber de hacer, tal y como lo peticiona el señor Vargas Roldán, en su condición de vecino del cantón de Santa Ana. -\n\r\n\nVIII.- EN RELACIÓN CON EL DEBER DE CONSTRUCCIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO DE LA INFRAESTRUCTURA VIAL CANTONAL.- A partir de varios cuerpos normativos, entre los cuales podemos citar la Ley de Construcciones, Decreto-Ley N° 833 de 02 de noviembre de 1949, la Ley General de Caminos Públicos, Ley N.º 5060 de 22 de agosto de 1972, Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias, Ley N° 8114 de 04 de julio de 2001, Ley de Tránsito por vías públicas terrestres y seguridad vial, Ley N° 9078 de 04 de octubre de 2012, Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal, Ley N° 9329 de 15 de octubre de 2015, Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional, Ley N° 9789 del 09 de diciembre de 2019 y la Ley de Movilidad Peatonal, Ley N° 9976 de 06 de abril de 2021 -por citar algunas-, afirmamos que las vías públicas terrestres del país corresponden a una categoría bienes dominicales destinados a garantizar el libre tránsito de las personas por el territorio nacional, permitiendo el acceso y comunicación entre las distintas poblaciones del país. Al conjunto de calles, caminos y carreteras que componen esas vías públicas se les denomina “Red Vial”, la cual es clasificada en nacional o cantonal según el ente público al que le corresponda la potestad de su administración. Acorde con los artículos 1 de la Ley N.º 5060, 5 de la Ley N.º 8114, 2 inciso 96) de la Ley 9078, así como 1 y 2 de la Ley N.º 9329, la potestad de administración de la red vial cantonal del país le corresponde a las Municipalidades, según resulten territorialmente competentes en la zona geográfica donde se encuentren ubicadas esas vías públicas, facultad que abarca las competencias de “...planear, programar, diseñar, administrar, financiar, ejecutar y controlar su construcción, conservación, señalamiento, demarcación, rehabilitación, reforzamiento, reconstrucción, concesión y operación…”. Con arreglo a esos mismos cuerpos normativos, toda vía pública, sea parte de la red nacional o cantonal, se compone de dos elementos básicos: el derecho de vía y la infraestructura vial. Según el inciso 43 de la Ley 9078, el primero corresponde al “...derecho que recae sobre una franja de terreno de naturaleza demanial y que se destina a la construcción de obras viales para la circulación de vehículos o el tránsito de personas o de otras obras relacionadas con la seguridad, el ornato, la nomenclatura vial, el anuncio informativo de servicios, las actividades y los destinos turísticos, así como para la instalación de paradas de vehículos de transporte público o parabuses…”. El otro componente, la infraestructura vial, refiere a las obras o elementos constructivos que son erigidos con el fin de posibilitar, facilitar y orientar el tránsito de las personas, sea peatonal o mediante sistemas de transporte. En ese sentido, contamos con la infraestructura vial propiamente dicha, a saber, calles, caminos, carreteras, ciclovías, vías peatonales, étc.; y la infraestructura complementaria, esto es, aquellas obras destinadas a garantizar la seguridad, sostenibilidad e inclusividad en el tránsito y transporte de personas y bienes. En esa dirección y en lo que interesa para este asunto, los artículos 2 de la Ley N.º 9329 y 5 de la Ley N.º 8114, definen que la red vial cantonal se encuentra compuesta por \n\r\n\n“...todos los caminos y calles bajo administración de los gobiernos locales, inventariados y georreferenciados como rutas cantonales por estas, y que constan en los registros oficiales del Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), así como por toda la infraestructura complementaria, siempre que se encuentre en terrenos de dominio público y cumpla los requisitos de ley.\n\r\n\nAsimismo, se considerarán como parte de la red vial cantonal, las aceras, ciclovías, pasos, rutas peatonales, áreas verdes y de ornato, que se encuentran dentro del derecho de vía y demás elementos de infraestructura de seguridad vial entrelazadas a las calles locales y caminos cantonales, el señalamiento vertical y horizontal, los puentes y demás estructuras de drenaje y retención y las obras geotécnicas o de otra naturaleza asociadas con los caminos…” (Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nAhora bien, debemos tener en cuenta que en este caso el señor Vargas Roldán crítica una inactividad administrativa en relación con tres componentes de las vías públicas: las aceras, el cordón de caño y el derecho de vía como tal, éste último pues se alegan supuestas invasiones cometidas por los vecinos de calle Cubilla que no han sido impedidas ni recuperadas por parte de la Municipalidad, mientras que en los dos primeros, lo que reclama es la ausencia o falta de esas infraestructuras. En cuanto a los componentes de infraestructura vial, estas son, las aceras y el cordón de caño, al encontrarse comprendidos dentro de la red vial cantonal cuya administración le corresponde al Gobierno local supone -como lo vimos supra- las competencias concernientes a su adecuada construcción y conservación, de modo que en efecto, sí les asiste a éstas un deber jurídico preexistente, por lo que la ausencia de esas infraestructuras supondría una inactividad (material) ilegítima. Valga decir, además, que en el caso particular de las aceras, esta Cámara ya se ha pronunciado sobre la existencia de un deber jurídico de los Gobiernos locales en su atención y conservación, concretamente, se trata de la sentencia n° 026-2021-VI de las 09:00 horas del 11 de marzo del 2021. En esa oportunidad, indicamos que el artículo 84 del Código Municipal preceptúa que los Municipios deben efectuar la construcción, mantenimiento o rehabilitación de las aceras en la red vial cantonal que les competa territorialmente, en los siguientes términos:\n\r\n\n“…en criterio del Tribunal, sí existe una obligación legal preexistente impuesta a las Municipalidades no solo para fiscalizar y supervisar que los propietarios cumplan las diferentes obligaciones dispuestas en relación con la construcción y el mantenimiento de las aceras; sino también para que, en última instancia, deba sustituirles en la ejecución de dichas obras, cuando exista inacción del propietario o poseedor. Esta obligación está expresamente dispuesta en el artículo 84 ibídem y su finalidad se orienta, en general, a potenciar el derecho a una movilidad peatonal segura, accesible e inclusiva, de forma integral en todos los entornos físicos y, en especial, a que las vías públicas cantonales cumplan con las condiciones requeridas de seguridad, ornato, comodidad y accesibilidad, tanto para los vecinos del cantón como para sus visitantes. Tan clara es la existencia de esa obligación que el mismo artículo 84 ibídem señala que si la municipalidad no suple la inacción del propietario y, por ende, no construye las aceras y como consecuencia de esa omisión se causa daño a la salud, la integridad física o el patrimonio de terceros, el funcionario municipal omiso será responsable, solidariamente con el propietario o poseedor del inmueble, por los daños y perjuicios causados. Claro está que, conforme a la norma legal citada, cuando la Municipalidad deba cumplir con la obligación referida y realice las obras por su cuenta ante la inacción del obligado primigenio, tiene la potestad de cargar el cobro respectivo a la persona omisa, previo cumplimiento del debido proceso…”\n\r\n\nEste deber jurídico y por ende, la inactividad en la que incurren las Municipalidades por la carencia de aceras que garanticen la seguridad del tránsito peatonal, ha sido reconocido por una extensa jurisprudencia constitucional, e incluso, por la propia Sala Primera (sentencia n° 1015-F-S1-2022 de las 09:36 horas del 12 de mayo de 2022), a lo que suma la emisión de la ya mencionada Ley de Movilidad Peatonal, la que expresamente le asigna la competencia a los Gobiernos locales de\n\r\n\n“…la gestión de las aceras en la red vial cantonal, lo que incluye el diseño, la construcción, la conservación, el señalamiento, la demarcación, la rehabilitación, el reforzamiento, la reconstrucción, la concesión y la operación de este espacio, que incluye tanto las aceras propiamente como todos los elementos de las infraestructuras peatonales necesarios para asegurar una movilidad inclusiva, como infraestructura verde, iluminación y otros elementos, y considerando los criterios de accesibilidad contemplados por la Ley 7600, Igualdad de Oportunidades para las personas con discapacidad, de 2 de mayo de 1996…” (Art. 2.c, Ley N° 9976. Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nRespecto de la inactividad material concerniente a la ausencia de acciones tendientes a la recuperación del derecho de vía, así como de asegurar la movilidad de las personas a través de las vías públicas, también se pueden colegir su ilicitud a partir de los mencionados cuerpos normativos de reiterada cita, así como de las competencias de administración de la red vial cantonal que hemos mencionado. Quizás valga precisar para estos efectos lo preceptuado en los numerales 2 bis, 19, 20, 21, 28, 32, 33 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos, el artículo 84 inc e) del Código Municipal, el artículo 17 de la Ley 9976 (en relación con las aceras o vías peatonales), entre otras disposiciones, todas las cuales imponen a las Municipalidades el deber de remoción de obstáculos y de recuperación de la movilidad o libre tránsito de personas en las vías públicas de la red vial a su cargo. No obstante, debe dimensionarse sobre este punto que el informe presentado por ambas partes como sustento fáctico y probatorio de sus actos procesales (demanda y contestación afirmativa), claramente arroja que los tramos “...no muestra[n] invasiones aparentes por tapias o paredes al derecho de vía según las líneas de propiedad...”, empero sí se acredita la presencia de techos en portones, plantas o arbustos que sí se encuentran dentro del derecho de vía. Por lo tanto, comprende esta Cámara que la inactividad incurrida en este punto y que ha sido demostrada, radica en la ausencia de acciones tendientes a la recuperación de la plena movilidad o transitabilidad de las vías públicas cantonales sobre las que versa este asunto.-\n\r\n\nIX.- EN SÍNTESIS SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. - A partir de lo expuesto y luego de un análisis mesurado de los autos, este Tribunal ha constatado la inactividad administrativa ilegítima en la que incurrió la Administración demandada, que acusa la parte actora y que también reconoce la representación municipal, sin que tampoco se desprenda motivo alguno por el cual se pudiera acreditar una hipótesis de abuso o fraude procesal, ni de desproporcionalidad en el alcance de las pretensiones. De esta manera, el señor Vargas Roldán en su condición de vecino del cantón de Santa Ana ha solicitado la declaratoria de la conducta omisiva (pretensión n° 2) y en consecuencia, que se ordene el cumplimiento de los mandatos legales que han sido inobservados, lo que incluye el deber de la Municipalidad de Santa Ana de construir las obras viales que se echan de menos, esto es, las aceras y cordón de caño, y la recuperación de la plena movilidad o transitabilidad de las vías públicas cantonales existentes en el trayecto indicado en la demanda (pretensiones n° 3 a 8), todo lo cual fue aceptado por el Gobierno local, tal y como se desprende del acuerdo del Concejo Municipal n.º 09 adoptado en el Artículo VI de la sesión ordinaria n.º 57 celebrada el 03 de junio anterior: \n\r\n\n“...El allanamiento autorizado mediante el acuerdo 04 adoptado en la sesión ordinaria 04 celebrada el 21 de mayo de 2024, consiste en que la Municipalidad recuperará las áreas públicas invadidas, construirá las aceras y el correspondiente cordón de caño de la Calle Cubilla que comprende la Avenida 55 iniciando en la intersección con la ruta 310, la calle 14 en su totalidad y la Avenida 51 hasta el Condominio Bosques de Carao; trayecto ilustrado en la imagen del referido acuerdo en la transcripción 347-2024 aportada con la contestación de la demanda.” …” (Resaltado no es del original).\n\r\n\nAsí las cosas, una vez determinado la satisfacción de los requisitos que el ordenamiento jurídico preceptúa para admitir el allanamiento efectuado en los autos, lo que corresponde entonces es acoger las pretensiones del actor, de modo que se declara que la Municipalidad de Santa Ana ha incumplido con las obligaciones preexistentes impuestas por el ordenamiento jurídico, relacionadas con su deber de construcción y mantenimiento de las aceras y cordón de caño, y de resguardo de la plena movilidad o transitabilidad en las vías públicas comprendidas en el trayecto reclamado. Por consiguiente, tal y como ha sido peticionado por el actor, de conformidad con el artículo 122 inciso g) CPCA, debe ordenarse a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana que cese la inactividad u omisión y cumpla, en un plazo razonable, con las obligaciones impuestas por el ordenamiento jurídico a las que se han hecho referencia, con base en el criterio técnico que ambas partes han aportado a los autos. En virtud de ello y atendiendo a las circunstancias concretas han sido debidamente demostradas, se fijan los siguientes parámetros a efectos de que el ente local accionado cumplimente la conducta omitida: 1) Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana que en un plazo máximo de un mes contado a partir de la firmeza de este fallo, informe al juez ejecutor de este Tribunal acerca de las acciones técnicas o procedimientos iniciados para elaborar “…un nuevo diseño del derecho vial que sea integral y que incluya aceras, cordón y caño en ambos costados de la vía pública para favorecer el desplazamiento peatonal, considerando el ancho del derecho vial existente definido por las líneas de propiedad conformadas en sitio y la infraestructura pluvial ya existente (pozos, tragantes, cunetas y desfogues)…”, tal y como se recomendó en el dictamen técnico contenido en el oficio n° MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 fechado 03 de mayo de 2023. Para el cumplimiento efectivo de lo ordenado, deberá el Alcalde Municipal aportar un cronograma en el que se establezcan las diferentes acciones, fases y responsables para que, en el plazo máximo de seis meses, concluya el nuevo diseño del derecho vial allí indicado. Transcurrido ese plazo, deberá el Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana presentar ante la persona juzgadora de ejecución de este Tribunal, el informe final de cumplimiento que contenga el diseño definitivo de las acciones y obras a ejecutar en el trayecto en cuestión. 2) Presentado el informe sobre los aspectos indicados en el punto anterior y conforme el nuevo diseño del derecho vial, se ordena al Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana que implemente las acciones y medidas necesarias para iniciar con la construcción de la infraestructura vial y la remoción de obstáculos u otros elementos que impidan la adecuada movilidad y transitabilidad en el trayecto en cuestión, en el plazo máximo de seis meses, debiendo quedar estas debidamente concluidas a más tardar un año después de iniciadas. 3) Deberá el Alcalde Municipal tomar nota de lo aquí ordenado y realizar las previsiones o modificaciones presupuestarias pertinentes, a fin de dar cumplimiento a lo ordenado, bajo pena del delito de desobediencia a la autoridad. Asimismo, cada seis meses deberá rendir informes de avance en el cumplimiento de lo ordenado ante la fase de ejecución de este Tribunal. 4) La persona juzgadora de ejecución de sentencia pondrá en conocimiento de la parte actora los informes y el nuevo diseño del derecho vial antes descrito y velará por el adecuado cumplimiento de dicha planificación, los plazos y la ejecución de las obras, conforme las competencias otorgadas por el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. En ese tanto quedará habilitada para la aplicación de los mecanismos previstos en los artículos 158 y 159 de ese cuerpo normativo, también sobre las personas funcionarias que se indiquen como responsables en el informe descrito en el punto 1). -\n\r\n\nX.- SOBRE LAS COSTAS. - La obligación al pago de las costas constituye una obligación de fuente legal, en este caso, derivada del numeral 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, por medio de la cual la parte perdidosa -por el sólo hecho de serlo-, queda obligada a reintegrar a la vencedora una diversidad de categorías de gastos con motivo del proceso, los cuales no estaba en deber de soportar. Conforme dicho artículo así como el 194 y 197 ibídem, la dispensa de esta condenatoria sólo podrá darse en caso de que se compruebe alguno de los supuestos allí regulados, de manera que en ausencia de alegatos o pruebas que permitan a este Tribunal, en el caso concreto, ponderar y tener por acreditado alguno de estos motivos, no es posible entonces excepcionar total o parcialmente a la parte vencida de la aplicación de dicha máxima. En la especie, el proceso ha finalizado con motivo de la contestación afirmativa o allanamiento realizado por la Administración Municipal demandada y en ese sentido, el mencionado numeral 197.1 CPCA preceptúa lo siguiente: “...Salvo acuerdo de las partes en contrario, no habrá condenatoria en costas, en caso de que se produzca desestimiento, allanamiento o satisfacción extraprocesal de la pretensión, antes de la audiencia preliminar o en el transcurso de esta...”. Por tanto, al haber operado el allanamiento antes de efectuarse en este asunto la audiencia preliminar, lo que corresponde en Derecho es exonerar a la parte vencida del pago de las costas, como en efecto se ordena. -\n\r\n\nPOR TANTO\n\r\n\nPor resultar conforme con el ordenamiento jurídico, se acoge la solicitud de allanamiento incoada por la parte demandada. Por consiguiente, SE DECLARA CON LUGAR la demanda interpuesta por SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN, contra la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA, en los siguientes términos: A) Se declara que la Municipalidad de Santa Ana ha incumplido con las obligaciones preexistentes impuestas por el ordenamiento jurídico, relacionadas con su deber de construcción y mantenimiento de las aceras y cordón de caño, y de resguardo de la plena movilidad o transitabilidad en las vías públicas cantonales ubicadas en calle La Cubilla, específicamente, el trayecto comprendido desde la intersección de la avenida 055A con la ruta nacional 310, continuando por la calle 014 y la avenida 051, hasta el Condominio Bosques de Carao, el cual se representa gráficamente en la línea punteada de color amarillo, que se aprecia en la siguiente imagen: --\n\r\n\n\r\n\nB) Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana que cese la inactividad u omisión y cumpla, en un plazo razonable, con las obligaciones impuestas por el ordenamiento jurídico a las que se han hecho referencia, con base en el criterio técnico que ambas partes han aportado a los autos. En virtud de ello y atendiendo a las circunstancias concretas han sido debidamente demostradas, se fijan los siguientes parámetros a efectos de que el ente local accionado cumplimente la conducta omitida: 1) Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Santa Ana que en un plazo máximo de un mes contado a partir de la firmeza de este fallo, informe al juez ejecutor de este Tribunal acerca de las acciones técnicas o procedimientos iniciados para elaborar “…un nuevo diseño del derecho vial que sea integral y que incluya aceras, cordón y caño en ambos costados de la vía pública para favorecer el desplazamiento peatonal, considerando el ancho del derecho vial existente definido por las líneas de propiedad conformadas en sitio y la infraestructura pluvial ya existente (pozos, tragantes, cunetas y desfogues)…”, tal y como se recomendó en el dictamen técnico contenido en el oficio n° MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 fechado 03 de mayo de 2023. Para el cumplimiento efectivo de lo ordenado, deberá el Alcalde Municipal aportar un cronograma en el que se establezcan las diferentes acciones, fases y responsables para que, en el plazo máximo de seis meses, concluya el nuevo diseño del derecho vial allí indicado. Transcurrido ese plazo, deberá el Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana presentar ante la persona juzgadora de ejecución de este Tribunal, el informe final de cumplimiento que contenga el diseño definitivo de las acciones y obras a ejecutar en el trayecto antes descrito. 2) Presentado el informe sobre los aspectos indicados en el punto anterior y conforme el nuevo diseño del derecho vial, se ordena al Alcalde Municipal de Santa Ana que implemente las acciones y medidas necesarias para iniciar con la construcción de la infraestructura vial y la remoción de obstáculos u otros elementos que impidan la adecuada movilidad y transitabilidad en el trayecto en cuestión, en el plazo máximo de seis meses, debiendo quedar estas debidamente concluidas a más tardar un año después de iniciadas. 3) Deberá el Alcalde Municipal tomar nota de lo aquí ordenado y realizar las previsiones o modificaciones presupuestarias pertinentes, a fin de dar cumplimiento a lo ordenado, bajo pena del delito de desobediencia a la autoridad. Asimismo, cada seis meses deberá rendir informes de avance en el cumplimiento de lo ordenado ante la fase de ejecución de este Tribunal. 4) La persona juzgadora de ejecución de sentencia pondrá en conocimiento de la parte actora los informes y el nuevo diseño del derecho vial antes citados y velará por el adecuado cumplimiento de dicha planificación, los plazos y la ejecución de las obras, conforme las competencias otorgadas por el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. En ese tanto quedará habilitada para la aplicación de los mecanismos previstos en los artículos 158 y 159 de ese cuerpo normativo, también sobre las personas funcionarias que se indiquen como responsables en el informe descrito en el punto 1) anterior. – Se exonera a la parte vencida del pago de las costas. - Notifíquese. -\n\r\n\nDaniel Aguilar Méndez\n\r\n\nCynthia Abarca Gómez José Roberto Garita Navarro\n \n \n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\n- Código Verificador -\n???????????????\n0YCZYWXRP8E61\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\nDocumento firmado por:\n\nDANIEL AGUILAR MENDEZ, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A\nJOSE ROBERTO GARITA NAVARRO, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A\nCYNTHIA ABARCA GOMEZ, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A\n\r\n\r\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\n \n\r\n\n\r\n\nEXP: 23-005125-1027-CA\n\r\n\nGoicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr", "body_en_text": "TRIBUNAL DE LO CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO\n\nII Circuito Judicial de San José, Edificio Anexo A\n\nCentral: 2545-00-03 Fax: 2545-00-33\n\nEmail: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr\n\nFILE:\n23-005125-1027-CA\n\nPROCEEDING:\nKNOWLEDGE\n\nPLAINTIFF:\nSEBASTIÁN DAVID VARGAS ROLDÁN\n\nDEFENDANT:\nMUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA\n\nNo. 2025006011\n\nTRIBUNAL DE LO CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA. SIXTH SECTION. - SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at eleven thirty-eight hours on the eighteenth of June, two thousand twenty-five.-\n\nPetition for confession of judgment (allanamiento) in the contentious-administrative and civil treasury proceeding filed by SEBASTIÁN DAVID VARGAS ROLDÁN, holder of identity card number 1-1105-0475, who also acts in his capacity as attorney, bar membership number 16192, against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA, represented by Juan José Vargas Fallas, in his capacity as Municipal Mayor, and Andrea Robles Álvarez, as legal director (images 78 and 80 of the electronic judicial file). -\n\nCONSIDERING:\n\nI.- PRELIMINARY ASPECTS. - A) This resolution is issued according to the formalities established in Law No. 9342, Civil Procedure Code (CPC), and the Regulation on the Electronic Judicial File before the Judiciary (REJEPJ), approved by the Full Court in Article XXXI of session No. 22-13, held on May 20, 2013. In this regard, it is noted that, by provision adopted by the Superior Council of the Judiciary in Art. XXXV adopted in session No. 80-2024 of September 5, 2024, and the second paragraph of art. 28.2 CPC, the date and time recorded for this resolution corresponds to that automatically assigned by the institutional computer systems. B) The ruling is adopted unanimously, after the respective deliberation was carried out and within the period provided in article 82.5 of the Autonomous Regulation of Organization and Service of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction, with the drafting of the resolution in charge of the reporting judge, Judge Aguilar Méndez, with the concurrent vote and opinion of Judges Garita Navarro and Abarca Gómez. C) This resolution is issued, terminating the proceeding in an anticipated manner, in accordance with the provisions of article 114 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (CPCA). Consequently, since the preliminary hearing phase has not been carried out as regulated by canon 90 ibidem, the entirety of the documentary evidence provided to the case file will be considered for the issuance of the respective resolution; however, it will be within the substantive deliberative examination that the corresponding value will be assigned to the evidentiary items that are relevant and pertinent for this ruling, according to the rules of sound rational judgment (Art. 82 CPCA). D) Based on the provisions of article 147 of the Organic Law of the Judiciary, as well as the principle of functional equivalence of electronic documents, set forth in articles 3 of the Law on Certificates, Digital Signatures, and Electronic Documents, and 11 REJEPJ, coupled with the fact that the CPC only requires the identification of the evidentiary source for the list of proven and unproven facts of the judgment (Art. 61.2.2), and taking into account that the documentary collection corresponding to the judicial file is incorporated directly into the databases of this Branch of the Republic, this Chamber has decided that for the purposes of referencing and identifying documentary evidence and procedural acts contained therein, only the image numbers (img./imgs.) in which they appear in the digital document—which, in \".pdf\" file format and ordered ascendingly, has been downloaded from the electronic judicial file application, as of the date of this resolution—will be indicated. –\n\nII.- REGARDING THE PROCESSING OF THIS MATTER. - The lawsuit in this proceeding was filed on September 8, 2013, against the Municipalidad de Santa Ana. As will be developed below, this is an action of a markedly prestational nature, since what is being challenged is an alleged omission incurred by that local Corporation, consisting of the lack of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the encroachment of public areas, in a territorial extension comprising “…where the intersection of Calle Cubilla with route No. 310 begins, continuing along calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of Condominio Bosques de Carao…”. After a preliminary order issued in a resolution at 07:34 hours on September 25, 2023, the plaintiff proceeded, among other aspects, to correct the issue of the grounds for their lawsuit. In an order at 12:47 hours on January 15, 2024, the Processing Judge granted transfer of the lawsuit to the sued Municipality, which answered affirmatively on May 31 of that year. In that regard, the local Government provided to the case file the authorization for confession of judgment (allanamiento) given by the Concejo Municipal de Santa Ana, in agreement No. 4 adopted in Article VI.1 of ordinary session number 03 held on May 21, 2024. In a resolution at 11:38 hours on June 19, 2024, the Processing Judge ordered the answer to the lawsuit to be accepted and, by virtue of the confession of judgment (allanamiento) made by the Municipality, ordered “...the case file to be sent to the Trial Court, for its responsibility…”. Subsequently, by resolution No. 2025000848 at 20:04 hours on February 4, 2025, titled “...[t]he CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT (ALLANAMIENTO) TO THE LAWSUIT filed by the MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA is resolved, as will be stated below…”, that same Judge ordered “...THEREFORE: Let this matter be referred to Team 6 to proceed as provided in numeral 114, subsection 4, of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code…”. However, this matter was not brought to the attention of this Tribunal until May 14 of this year. Thus, once what occurred in the proceeding was reviewed and by means of a resolution at 13:07 hours on May 19, it was determined to make a series of preliminary orders to the Municipalidad de Santa Ana, so that it could clarify several issues that drew the attention of this Chamber, which were addressed through briefs from the local Corporation posted in the electronic judicial file, on the following dates of May 26 and June 5 (this aspect will be addressed again below). It is worth noting that the plaintiff was informed of what happened through an order at 08:54 hours on May 28, without them having expressed an opinion on the matter. -\n\nIII.- SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PROCEEDING. - In the case sub examine, the respective preliminary hearing has not been held, so the subject matter of the proceeding (Art. 119.1 CPCA) consists of the claims originally formulated in the action, which expressly state the following:\n\n“…CLAIMS\n1. That this lawsuit be declared granted in its entirety.\n2. That it be declared that the Municipal Corporation has breached an obligation to manage, and notify the owners of real estate in the geographical area indicated in this lawsuit, so that they remedy the omitted administrative conduct regarding: Recovery of public areas from encroachment, construction of quality sidewalks, construction of the curb and gutter (cordón de caño).\n3. That given the omission of the defendant Municipal Corporation to enforce the legislation and compel the administered owners of real estate neighboring the geographical area detailed in this lawsuit, it has become responsible for supplying the need for infrastructure works for the construction of sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and recovery of public areas currently encroached upon by the neighboring real estate owners.\n4. That it be declared that the defendant Municipal Corporation must construct the infrastructure works for the construction of quality sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and recovery of public areas currently encroached upon by the neighboring real estate owners in the indicated geographical area.\n5. That a deadline be set for the defendant municipal corporation to carry out said works, under penalty of the responsible persons being accused of the crime of disobedience to authority.\n6. That the geographical area where the omitted administrative conduct regarding the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the recovery of public areas, must be remedied is from where the intersection of Calle Cubilla with route No. 310 begins, continuing along calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n7. That the defendant Municipal Corporation be ordered to carry out quality works, that is, passable and adequate under the law for persons with disabilities, and that their durability be guaranteed, the same must be built in front of the properties located on the already indicated route and any accessory infrastructure work, street, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and those necessary to guarantee the pedestrian safety of those of us who travel on said route.\n8. That in the event the defendant municipal entity does not have resources, they take the necessary budgetary precautions and assign the respective budget line item for the next budget.\n9. That the defendant entity be ordered to pay both costs of this action.\n10. That interest be imposed on any amount for which said institution is ordered liable…”.\n\nThe representation of the Municipality, in its affirmative answer, stated that it was confessing judgment (allanándose) to the lawsuit in the following terms:\n\n“…CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT (ALLANAMIENTO)\nAs evidenced by report MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023, it is true, as the plaintiff indicates, that there are no sidewalks on Calle Cubilla and that the Municipality has not notified the owners of the obligation to build the sidewalks; consequently, we confess judgment (nos allanamos) to all the claims of the lawsuit, for which purpose I have requested authorization from the Concejo Municipal…”\n\nHowever, the text of the confession of judgment (allanamiento) presented a series of inconsistencies that raised doubts for this Tribunal, which is why, in an order at 13:07 hours on May 19, 2025, the Municipality was warned to clarify, first, the omissions comprised in its confession of judgment (allanamiento), and second, the legal nature and scope of a section titled “propuesta para cumplirlas” (proposal to fulfill them) (claims). This request was addressed by the Municipality through a memorial posted in the electronic file on the previous May 26. On that occasion, it stated that the confession of judgment (allanamiento) encompassed the lack of sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the encroachment of public areas; and that the \"proposal\" section did not imply a condition, but rather a request for a timeframe to fulfill the works and that it referred to the execution phase of the eventual judgment. In that regard, on the following June 5, it provided the document that completed the confession of judgment (allanamiento) agreement by the Concejo Municipal, which will be analyzed later. -\n\nIV.- CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT (ALLANAMIENTO) AS A FORM OF EARLY TERMINATION OF THE PROCEEDING. - Starting from article 112 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code, a series of mechanisms are established through which a proceeding before this jurisdiction can validly conclude, distinct from a judgment. The norm in question states: “… In addition to the other mechanisms established by law, the proceeding may terminate early, by the means established in this chapter, and the resolution so ordering shall have the authority of res judicata…” (Highlighting is not from the original). These procedural forms are generally characterized by the fact that they do not entail a ruling on the claims and the merits of the specific case, hence they are called \"early\" modes of termination of the proceeding, precisely because they occur in an intellectual phase prior to the actual ruling. The procedural Code provides for a total of seven of these modalities, namely: expiration of the proceeding (article 112 bis), withdrawal (desistimiento) (article 113), total or partial confession of judgment (allanamiento) (article 114), extra-procedural satisfaction (article 115), equiparation to an administrative resolution (article 116), settlement (transacción) (article 117), and fulfillment of the omitted conduct (article 118). Each of these possesses various requirements and legal effects (formal and material), which in turn implies, to a greater or lesser extent, an analysis by the jurisdictional body hearing the matter. As relevant here, a confession of judgment (allanamiento) is the termination of the proceeding that occurs as a result of a unilateral act by the defendant party, in which they declare their express and unequivocal will to accept the claims that have been brought against them -with the legal effects this implies-, so that they fully or partially accede to these, without subjection to any legal condition or term, or to considerations from the plaintiff (as occurs, for example, in the case of a settlement (transacción)). However, the mere introduction of that act into the file is not sufficient per se to conclude the proceeding, since as prescribed by article 114.4 CPCA, the jurisdictional authority must previously verify whether or not the confession of judgment (allanamiento) infringes the legal system, which is consistent with the legality review (control de legalidad) constitutionally attributed to this jurisdiction (Art. 49 CPOL). This scrutiny must be carried out from a dual perspective: formal and substantive. From the procedural standpoint, it is required that the procedural act of confession of judgment (allanamiento): (1) constitutes the express and unequivocal consent of the defendant party to accede, totally or partially, to the claims of the person bringing the action, not to the facts, the allegations, or the evidence on which they are based; (2) emanates from whoever can legitimately carry it out, that is, from the defendant party against whom the claim is brought, not a joinder or a third party outside of it, in the case of multiple passive parties. It is worth saying that this analysis also implies evaluating the capacity and proper representation of whoever confesses judgment (se allana) to the lawsuit; (3) is granted at the corresponding procedural moment, that is, before judgment, not in a subsequent phase, be it appeal or execution; and (4) in the case of Public Administrations, together with the act of confession of judgment (allanamiento), they must provide to the Tribunal the respective authorization issued by the competent body to do so, according to the rules defined in numerals 114.2 and 114.3 CPCA. The First Chamber has stated in this regard: “...In the event that it is the Public Administration that seeks to confess judgment (allanarse), it must present the agreement or resolution adopted by the competent body – the hierarchical superior – authorizing such manifestation of will, which is logical, furthermore, in accordance with the principle of legality that governs administrative action provided for in numeral 11 of the General Law of Public Administration and in article 11 of the Magna Carta…” (Judgment No. 497-A-S1-2023 of 09:16 hours on April 13, 2023. Highlighting is not from the original). On the other hand, by virtue of the powers that this Tribunal possesses as guarantor of the legality of administrative activity, as well as the subjective rights and legitimate interests of the administered (Arts. 49, 154, and 166 Political Constitution, 8 of the Organic Law of the Judiciary, 8 and 10 General Law of Public Administration, 1 CPCA, as well as supplementarily, articles 19 to 22 Civil Code and 4 to 6 and 39 Civil Procedure Code), from the substantive point of view, the jurisdictional authority is required to determine and verify: (a) the conformity with the legal system of that which has been the subject of confession of judgment (allanamiento) (by verifying its material prerequisites, namely: standing (legitimación) -active and passive-, current interest, and right); (b) that the action is not the result of procedural fraud, bad faith, or an anti-social or abusive exercise of right; and (c) the reasonableness and proportionality of the claims upon which the confession of judgment (allanamiento) has operated in relation to the public interest, with the Tribunal being empowered, pursuant to numeral 131.3 CPCA, to graduate and dimension the effects of the ruling in time, space, or subject matter, if necessary in order to safeguard social stability and legal certainty. It is worth saying, finally, that this Tribunal has repeatedly reiterated that this verification exercise follows as a logical derivation of the legality review (control de legalidad) that, by constitutional imperative, this Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction must perform. It could not be otherwise, because in keeping with this purpose of review, the judge could not sponsor confessions of judgment (allanamientos) that, in substance, entail or imply substantial infractions to the legal system or dislocations to the public interest, given that this would translate into the abandonment of the constitutional guarantee entrusted to this jurisdiction. Thus, upon the defendant party's statement of confessing judgment (allanarse) to the action filed against them, the judge must weigh whether what is ultimately claimed and constitutes the subject matter of the proceeding conforms to that parameter of legality, in which case, they will terminate the proceeding, or on the contrary, will resolve what is legally appropriate to achieve that purpose of safeguarding the legal system. Moreover, it is clear that when there are co-defendants, the proceeding must continue with respect to those who have not confessed judgment (se hayan allanado), when appropriate in light of the debated subject matter. -\n\nV.- EXAMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC CASE.- a) Analysis of the formal prerequisites of the confession of judgment (allanamiento).- In the case sub judice, the affirmative answer to the lawsuit is signed directly by the person holding the position of Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana (images 74 to 78, 80, and 132 to 134), a body that, according to article 17 subsection n) of the Municipal Code, holds the legal representation of the Local Government. He expressly and unequivocally stated the will of that Administration to accede to all the claims. This was confirmed, precisely, as a result of the preliminary order issued by this Office, with the municipal representative indicating, regarding the scope of the confession of judgment (allanamiento), that it comprised “...the construction of sidewalks, the curb and gutter (cordón de caño) [sic] necessary for the proper relationship of this with the grade line of the roadway pavement. / And since the sidewalk forms part of the right-of-way (derecho de vía), structures and plants that are outside the private property line that obstruct its construction must be removed…”. Likewise, he stated that the territorial extension in which the omission materialized was not objected to; on the contrary, he accepted that it was exactly as mentioned in the lawsuit. Finally, it is verified from the file that two agreements of the Concejo Municipal de Santa Ana authorizing the confession of judgment (allanamiento) have been submitted (visible at images 106 and 141 judicial file), a body that possesses the hierarchical competence in the matter, since the subject matter of this case concerns the challenge of omitted conduct in relation to the construction and maintenance of infrastructure on the cantonal road network, specifically, sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and encroachment of the right-of-way (derecho de vía). This follows from numerals 13 subsections a) and e) of the Municipal Code, insofar as it corresponds to that body to determine the development policies and priorities of the municipality, as well as the commitment and authorization of municipal expenditures, especially regarding compliance with the cantonal road network administration competencies provided for in laws No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, General Law of Public Roads, 8114 of July 4, 2001, Law of Tax Simplification and Efficiency, 9329 of October 15, 2015, Special Law for the Transfer of Competencies: Full and Exclusive Attention to the Cantonal Road Network, 9789 of December 9, 2019, Law of Efficiency in the construction, maintenance, and improvement of the cantonal and national road network, 9976 of April 6, 2021, Pedestrian Mobility Law, among others, as well as their respective regulations. Thus, firstly, agreement No. 4 adopted in Article VI.1 of the ordinary session of the Concejo Municipal number 03 held on May 21, 2024, was provided, which indicates the following:\n\n“…AGREEMENT NO. 04: WITH DISPENSATION OF COMMITTEE PROCESS, IT IS APPROVED UNANIMOUSLY AND FINALLY: FIRST: THE MOTION PRESENTED BY PROPRIETARY COUNCILOR, GONZALO ROJAS ROJAS, IS APPROVED AND OFFICIAL LETTER NO. MSA-ALC-01-044-2024, DATED MAY 15, 2024, SIGNED BY LICDA. ANDREA ROBLES ÁLVAREZ, HEAD OF THE LEGAL ADVISORY PROCESS, IS ACCEPTED; SECOND: IN VIEW OF THE LAWSUIT BEING PROCESSED UNDER FILE 23-005125-0027-CA, FILED BY MR. SEBASTIAN VARGAS ROLDAN, THIS MUNICIPAL COUNCIL RECOGNIZES THAT THERE ARE NO SIDEWALKS ON CALLE CUBILLA AND THAT THE MUNICIPALITY HAS NOT NOTIFIED THE OWNERS OF THE OBLIGATION TO BUILD THEM; CONSEQUENTLY, WE CONFESS JUDGMENT (NOS ALLANAMOS) TO ALL THE CLAIMS OF THE LAWSUIT AND THE MAYOR IS AUTHORIZED TO PRESENT THIS CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT (ALLANAMIENTO) TOGETHER WITH A PROPOSAL TO FULFILL THEM; THIRD: NOTIFY THE MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION, SO THAT IT REDIRECTS THIS AGREEMENT TO THE CORRESPONDING DEPARTMENTS AND INSTRUCTS WHAT IS PERTINENT…” (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nAnd subsequently, under warning from this Tribunal, agreement No. 09 of that same body was provided, adopted in Article VI of ordinary session No. 57 held on the previous June 3, in which the following was ordered:\n\n“...THEREFORE (POR TANTO)\nThis Concejo Municipal agrees:\nIn accordance with the request made by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, within the contentious-administrative proceeding 23-005125-027-CA, it is approved to clarify to the Tribunal that:\n“The confession of judgment (allanamiento) authorized through agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the encroached public areas, building the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter (cordón de caño) of Calle Cubilla comprising Avenida 55 starting at the intersection with route 310, calle 14 in its entirety, and Avenida 51 up to Condominio Bosques de Carao; a route illustrated in the image of the referenced agreement in transcription 347-2024 provided with the answer to the lawsuit.” …” (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nThis Tribunal concludes that, indeed, the competent body has authorized the confession of judgment (allanamiento) as such. Therefore, the procedural requirements for said early form of termination of the proceeding are deemed satisfied; hence, we will proceed next with the substantive analysis. -\n\nVI.- CONTINUES. - b) Analysis of the confession of judgment (allanamiento) from the substantive point of view.- As a first step, the Tribunal must verify the satisfaction of the substantive or material prerequisites, that is, those requirements necessary to be able to grant or deny what is requested, even disregarding the arguments constructed by the parties, since they are reviewable ex officio (judgments of the First Chamber No. 317-F-S1-2008 of 09:10 hours on May 2, 2008; 1548-F-SI-2011 of 09:20 hours on December 22, 2011; 1266-F-S1-2019 of 14:35 hours on July 11, 2019; 667-F-S1-2021 of 15:40 hours on March 18, 2021; and 529-F-S1-2024 of 09:36 hours on May 24, 2024, among others). These material prerequisites are: 1) the susceptibility of the action to constitute an effective judicial means or remedy to affect the legal sphere of the litigating subjects (standing (legitimación ad causam)), 2) the judgment of suitability and utility of the material claim in resolving the cause of action (interés actual—current interest), and lastly, 3) the conformity of what is requested with the legal system (Right). If all or any of these requirements are not met in the specific case, the judge is prevented from granting what is requested, even with the consent of the defendant. To proceed otherwise would imply enabling the issuance of unlawful rulings, which contradicts the very purpose of the justice apparatus in a democratic and social State of Law, besides lending itself to abuse and procedural fraud, which is explicitly prohibited in our legal system (Arts 2 and 8 LOPJ, 19 to 22 CCIV and 4 to 6 and 39 CPC). We will begin the analysis of the specific case by indicating that, as can be deduced from the case file, as of the date the lawsuit was filed, that is, September 8, 2023, the plaintiff herein, Mr. Sebastián David Vargas Roldán, was a resident of the district of Pozos in the canton of Santa Ana, residing in the Villa Real condominium located in that locality (an uncontroverted fact) and that, in this capacity, he submitted, on April 17, 2023, a brief to the Municipalidad de Santa Ana in which he complained about the omission to build sidewalks in the area that “…begins [with] the intersection of calle Cubilla with route No. 310, continuing along calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of Condominio Bosques de Carao…”, in addition to the fact that, according to his statement, the encroachment of public areas was permitted, where sidewalks, green areas, and curb and gutter (cordón de caño) should be located. He denounced on that occasion that these omissions have caused local residents to have to walk on the road “where motor vehicles circulate at high speed,” endangering their lives and those of the people who travel through the area daily. He requested that a plan be established to address the situation and that the construction of sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), sewer works, and other urban furniture be of quality and take into consideration the needs of the population with disabilities (images 11 to 14 of the judicial file). On April 20, 2023, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana issued two official letters, namely: one with consecutive number MSA-ALC-04-264-2023, in which he replied to the plaintiff herein and indicated that, being a priority sector within the cantonal sustainable mobility plan, he would proceed to manage the “diagnostic report of the road section indicated in the request,” and then, official letter No. MSA-ALC-04-266-2023, in which, pursuant to the above, he instructed several departments to carry out “…the necessary actions to render, within a reasonable period, a report on the existing infrastructure on site; possible encroachments of the right-of-way (derecho de vía), and the necessary infrastructure to be able to begin notifying the owners about the construction of sidewalks…” (images 15 to 17 of the judicial file). Subsequently, by means of official letter No. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated May 3, 2023, signed by officials Carlos Morales Sandoval and Julio Retana Valverde, both of the Municipalidad de Santa Ana, the technical report requested by the Municipal Mayor's Office was rendered. Said document is transcendental for this matter, so much so that it not only forms part of the evidentiary support for the lawsuit, but also constitutes the technical input used by the Local Government to substantiate its confession of judgment (allanamiento), both in the brief presented before this Tribunal and in the agreements adopted by the Concejo Municipal. In the first place, in order to address what was requested via administrative channels (and reiterated before this judicial venue in the lawsuit), that is, the non-compliance in the construction and maintenance of road infrastructure, the municipal officials proceeded to locate the sector of the cantonal route in question: Calle Cubilla, from the intersection with national route 310 to Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n\nIn that regard, the report describes that this stretch comprises segments on three (3) local roads, namely: avenue 055A, street 014, and avenue 051, which was graphically represented (yellow dashed line) in the following image (figure 1): -\n\nThe report clarifies that the study was conducted based on a cadastral overlay, orthorectified aerial photography of the street and the lands fronting that public road, as well as a topographic survey and photographic record, according to a field visit carried out on April 25, 2023. Now, regarding the road infrastructure of interest in this matter, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), the report shows that in the first segment (avenue 055A), from the topographic survey and the field visit (accompanied by photographs) \"...there are no true formed sidewalks, as they only exist in short segments; however, these do not meet minimum sidewalk guidelines…\", in addition to the presence of electrical infrastructure (poles and others) and stormwater infrastructure that interrupt pedestrian passage; likewise, it is indicated that \"...small segments of the curb and gutter are observed on the south side; however, said infrastructure is not functional, since it is not continuous, causing part of the water that runs off the roadway to seep into the properties…\". In the second segment (street 014), the report notes that \"...there are formed sidewalks of variable width, the narrowest being approximately 0.77m, at other points 1.20 m and up to 1.5 m…\" however, \"...on the east side the existing sidewalks narrow until they disappear, since at the junction with AV. 051 A there is a catch basin where another ditch discharges…\", likewise, it is stated that at said intersection the sidewalks \"...are narrow on some frontages or are unbuilt as observed on part of the west side of the street…\". Regarding the curb and gutter, the expert opinion specifies that \"...curb and gutter is observed on both sides…\". In the third segment (avenue 051), the report reveals several important situations. First, on the north side of the road, starting at the junction with street 014, there is no sidewalk \"...due to the appearance of a catch basin and a ditch. / 2.3.5.5 Said ditch extends along the north side of AV.051 until reaching a small network of catch basins in front of the Santa Ana Special Education Center, where a space of formed sidewalk appears again; the only one existing in the segment in question, which is privately owned…\". After this space, it is indicated that the sidewalk disappears again \"...giving way to another ditch that collects water from the avenue in question...\" . Regarding the south side, the report details that \"...no sidewalk infrastructure is observed, since the edge of the street and the existing property line on site are almost coincident…\". Finally, the report adds \"...Both at the beginning and at the end of avenue 051 there are no sidewalks or curb and gutter; a ditch does exist in part; there are shrubs growing on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) as observed…\". Lastly, regarding encroachments on the right-of-way, which is one of the claimed omissions, the report indicates that the three indicated segments \"...do not show apparent encroachments by walls or barriers onto the right-of-way according to the property lines...\", however, it does point out the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way. It is worth highlighting that in one of the conclusions of this technical expert opinion, the responsible officials determine that \"...with the current configuration of the road right-of-way, there is no space for the construction of sidewalks…\". Finally, said technical report recommends “…the preparation of a new road right-of-way design that is comprehensive and includes sidewalks, curb and gutter on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing road right-of-way defined by the property lines formed on site and the existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outfalls)…”. In summary, we can infer from this report and from the other evidentiary elements added to the judicial file, that a lack of or deficient road infrastructure does indeed exist in the stretch that is the subject of the claim, which endangers the life and physical integrity of pedestrians who transit there, which is absolutely known by the Municipality. Therefore, this Court observes that there is indeed a factual basis for the cause of action, as well as for the acquiescence (allanamiento) request made by the Municipality, so it can be ruled out from now on that this constitutes a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, leaving it to be determined whether we are indeed facing an omission incurred by the Local Government and, therefore, whether the Law supports the acquiescence carried out by the Municipal Administration. -\n\nVII.- CONTROL OF ILLEGITIMATE ADMINISTRATIVE INACTIVITY. – At the heart of this matter, what is sought -in summary- is a declaration that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached public duties relating to the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the recovery of public spaces that the plaintiff alleges have been encroached upon by the neighbors of Calle Cubilla and, consequently, that the Municipality be ordered both to carry out those works and to recover the public areas that, it is alleged, were encroached upon. However, the Municipality has acquiesced to those claims; this does not automatically result in an upholding judgment, since, as we explained previously, it must be determined that what is requested in the lawsuit does not constitute an infringement of the legal system (Art. 114.4 CPCA). Thus, given that an omission is being challenged, it is necessary, first, to understand the scope of judicial review of that form of administrative dysfunction. We begin by stating that the principle of legality, as the ultimate foundation of administrative conduct in a Democratic Rule-of-Law State, in its dual aspect, positive and negative, holds that the ultimate authorization for the functioning of public entities is grounded in the legal system, such that it may only carry out those conducts authorized in the normative system, whether because its action or inaction is restricted to specific conditioned scenarios (negative legality), or because it is empowered to achieve public policy objectives through generic measures, as long as these are reasonable and proportionate to achieve those purposes (positive legality). Thus, we speak of administrative inaction in those cases in which Public Administrations remain passive and immobile, that is, they omit to issue acts (formal inaction) or to perform legal acts (material inaction). That lack of action, in itself, is not contrary to Law, since it may be due to hypotheses in which there is no normative authorization or because the legal system imposes a duty to abstain. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate inaction, which will ultimately depend on whether the institutional inertia is in accordance or discordance with the legal system. In summary, we will be facing a case of formal or material, unlawful inaction, insofar as a public entity or body breaches a pre-existing legal mandate that imposes a duty or obligation to act, whether by issuing a formal act or performing a material conduct. This Section, in judgment No. 33-2018-VI at 3:00 p.m. on March 15, 2018, explained in depth the cases of illegitimate inactivity, in the following terms:-\n\n\"…Fourth: In development of what has been stated, with regard to the analysis or control of omission, it is necessary to distinguish the diversity of the circumstances in which it can occur. With regard to formal inaction or formal omission, it refers to the lack of a declaration of will, judgment, or knowledge on the occasion of a filing made by an administered party, with the consequent absence of the exercise of a public competence or power, regarding a singular legal situation. Thus, it can occur due to the non-initiation of the administrative procedure, due to the non-processing or instruction of a filing, or its non-resolution, which can generate expiration or the non-issuing of the final or definitive act, which in turn would generate a negative response by silence (presumed act). But formal omission also includes the failure to comply with the obligation imposed by the legal system to issue regulatory provisions, when there is a constitutional or legal provision in this regard; as well as conventional formal inaction, referring to the non-execution of bilateral or plurilateral contracts, thereby affecting the public interest or that of concessionaires, and finally, inaction in the exercise of procedural actions belonging to the Administration, that is, when the Administration does not bring the processes and claims it can bring, in protection of public goods and interests, such as the case where the public entity in charge of the administration of a specific public domain good does not file the corresponding procedural action in the face of a situation of threat or risk to it. On the other hand, material inaction refers to the omission by public administrations to carry out any technical or material activity of external significance, which includes the exercise of public functions or powers (such as, for example, those referring to control and oversight or security actions; or actions in the protection and safeguarding of the environment and the health of administered parties), the execution of favorable administrative acts, or the provision of due public services. [...] Fifth: Logically, when dealing with the control of legality of this form of manifestation of the administrative function –that is, the omission–, once the alleged omission has been verified, that is, the non-performance of the conduct (formal or material) imposed by the legal system (in the sense explained above, that is, based on the corpus of legality or juridicity), the immediate consequence is the condemnation of the Administration to do or fulfill the omitted conduct, in accordance with the provision of subsection g) of Article 122 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code...\" (Highlighting is not from the original text).\n\nIn contrast to the foregoing, any administrative inaction, whether material or formal, shall be considered legitimate if, on the one hand, it does not have as a conditioning antecedent the non-observance of a pre-existing legal duty or obligation, or because it is the result of the imposition of a legal duty of abstention on a specific Public Administration (Arts. 42.2.j and 122.j CPCA). This being the case, in order to determine whether or not the acquiescence is admissible, we must first analyze whether, in the case sub examine, we are indeed facing illegitimate administrative inaction under the terms set forth above, and, therefore, whether a duty to act should be imposed on the defendant local Corporation, as requested by Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana. -\n\nVIII.- REGARDING THE DUTY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CANTONAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE.- Based on various regulatory bodies, among which we can cite the Construction Law (Ley de Construcciones), Decree-Law No. 833 of November 2, 1949, the General Public Roads Law (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), Law No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, the Tax Simplification and Efficiency Law (Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias), Law No. 8114 of July 4, 2001, the Law on Traffic on Public Land Routes and Road Safety (Ley de Tránsito por vías públicas terrestres y seguridad vial), Law No. 9078 of October 4, 2012, the Special Law for the Transfer of Competencies: Full and Exclusive Attention of the Cantonal Road Network (Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal), Law No. 9329 of October 15, 2015, the Law on Efficiency in the construction, maintenance, and improvement of the cantonal and national road network (Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional), Law No. 9789 of December 9, 2019, and the Pedestrian Mobility Law (Ley de Movilidad Peatonal), Law No. 9976 of April 6, 2021 -to name a few-, we affirm that the country's public land routes belong to a category of public domain goods intended to guarantee the free transit of persons throughout the national territory, allowing access and communication between the different populations of the country. The set of streets, roads, and highways that make up those public routes is called the \"Road Network\" (Red Vial), which is classified as national or cantonal according to the public entity responsible for its administration. In accordance with Articles 1 of Law No. 5060, 5 of Law No. 8114, 2 subsection 96) of Law 9078, as well as 1 and 2 of Law No. 9329, the power to administer the country's cantonal road network corresponds to the Municipalities, as they are territorially competent in the geographical area where those public roads are located, a faculty that encompasses the competencies to \"...plan, program, design, administer, finance, execute, and control their construction, conservation, signaling, demarcation, rehabilitation, reinforcement, reconstruction, concession, and operation…\". According to those same regulatory bodies, every public road, whether part of the national or cantonal network, is composed of two basic elements: the right-of-way and the road infrastructure. According to subsection 43 of Law 9078, the former corresponds to the \"...right that falls upon a strip of land of public-domain nature and which is destined for the construction of road works for the circulation of vehicles or the transit of persons or other works related to safety, ornamentation, road nomenclature, informative signage for services, tourist activities and destinations, as well as for the installation of stops for public transport vehicles or bus shelters…\". The other component, road infrastructure, refers to the works or constructive elements that are erected in order to enable, facilitate, and guide the transit of persons, whether pedestrian or by transportation systems. In this sense, we have the road infrastructure itself, namely, streets, roads, highways, bike lanes, pedestrian paths, etc.; and complementary infrastructure, that is, those works intended to guarantee safety, sustainability, and inclusivity in the transit and transport of persons and goods. In that direction and in what is relevant for this matter, Articles 2 of Law No. 9329 and 5 of Law No. 8114, define that the cantonal road network is composed of\n\n\"...all roads and streets under the administration of local governments, inventoried and georeferenced as cantonal routes by them, and that appear in the official records of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), as well as all complementary infrastructure, provided it is on public domain land and meets the legal requirements.\n\nLikewise, sidewalks, bike lanes, crossings, pedestrian routes, green areas and ornamental areas, which are within the right-of-way, and other road safety infrastructure elements intertwined with local streets and cantonal roads, vertical and horizontal signaling, bridges and other drainage and retention structures, and geotechnical works or those of another nature associated with the roads shall be considered as part of the cantonal road network…\" (Highlighting is not from the original text).\n\nNow, we must bear in mind that in this case, Mr. Vargas Roldán criticizes an administrative inaction in relation to three components of public roads: the sidewalks, the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the right-of-way as such, the latter because alleged encroachments committed by the neighbors of Calle Cubilla are claimed, which have not been prevented or recovered by the Municipality, while regarding the first two, what is claimed is the absence or lack of those infrastructures. As for the road infrastructure components, that is, sidewalks and the curb and gutter, being included within the cantonal road network whose administration corresponds to the local Government, this entails -as we saw supra- the competencies concerning their proper construction and conservation, so that indeed, a pre-existing legal duty does apply to them, meaning that the absence of these infrastructures would constitute an illegitimate (material) inaction. It is worth adding, moreover, that in the specific case of sidewalks, this Chamber has already ruled on the existence of a legal duty of local Governments regarding their care and conservation. Specifically, this was in judgment no. 026-2021-VI at 9:00 a.m. on March 11, 2021. On that occasion, we indicated that Article 84 of the Municipal Code (Código Municipal) prescribes that the Municipalities must carry out the construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation of sidewalks in the cantonal road network for which they are territorially responsible, in the following terms:\n\n\"…in the Court's view, there is indeed a pre-existing legal obligation imposed on Municipalities not only to supervise and monitor that property owners comply with the different obligations established regarding the construction and maintenance of sidewalks, but also to ultimately substitute them in the execution of said works, when there is inaction by the owner or possessor. This obligation is expressly set forth in Article 84 ibidem and its purpose is generally aimed at promoting the right to safe, accessible, and inclusive pedestrian mobility, comprehensively in all physical environments, and especially, at ensuring that cantonal public roads meet the required conditions of safety, ornamentation, comfort, and accessibility, both for the canton's residents and its visitors. So clear is the existence of this obligation that the same Article 84 ibidem indicates that if the municipality does not remedy the owner's inaction and, therefore, does not build the sidewalks, and as a consequence of that omission, damage is caused to the health, physical integrity, or property of third parties, the omitting municipal official shall be jointly and severally liable, with the property owner or possessor, for the damages caused. It is clear, of course, that, in accordance with the cited legal norm, when the Municipality must fulfill the referred obligation and carries out the works on its own account in the face of the inaction of the primary obligor, it has the power to charge the respective cost to the omitting person, after due process has been observed…\"\n\nThis legal duty and, therefore, the inaction incurred by the Municipalities due to the lack of sidewalks that guarantee the safety of pedestrian transit, has been recognized by extensive constitutional jurisprudence, and even by the First Chamber (Sala Primera) itself (judgment no. 1015-F-S1-2022 at 9:36 a.m. on May 12, 2022), in addition to the issuance of the aforementioned Pedestrian Mobility Law, which expressly assigns to local Governments the competence for\n\n\"…the management of sidewalks in the cantonal road network, which includes the design, construction, conservation, signaling, demarcation, rehabilitation, reinforcement, reconstruction, concession, and operation of this space, which includes both the sidewalks themselves and all elements of pedestrian infrastructure necessary to ensure inclusive mobility, such as green infrastructure, lighting, and other elements, and considering the accessibility criteria contemplated by Law 7600, Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities (Igualdad de Oportunidades para las personas con discapacidad), of May 2, 1996…” (Art. 2.c, Law No. 9976. Highlighting is not from the original text).\n\nRegarding the material inaction concerning the absence of actions aimed at recovering the right-of-way, as well as ensuring the mobility of persons on public roads, their unlawfulness can also be inferred from the aforementioned regulatory bodies repeatedly cited, as well as from the administration competencies of the cantonal road network we have mentioned. It is perhaps worth specifying for these purposes the provisions in numerals 2 bis, 19, 20, 21, 28, 32, 33 of the General Public Roads Law, Article 84 subsection e) of the Municipal Code, Article 17 of Law 9976 (in relation to sidewalks or pedestrian routes), among other provisions, all of which impose on Municipalities the duty to remove obstacles and recover mobility or free transit of persons on the public roads of the road network under their charge. However, it must be considered on this point that the report presented by both parties as the factual and evidentiary basis for their procedural acts (lawsuit and affirmative answer), clearly shows that the segments \"...do not show apparent encroachments by walls or barriers onto the right-of-way according to the property lines...\", yet the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way is accredited. Therefore, this Chamber understands that the inaction incurred on this point and which has been demonstrated, lies in the absence of actions aimed at recovering the full mobility or passability of the cantonal public roads that are the subject of this matter.-\n\nIX.- IN SUMMARY ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. - Based on the foregoing and after a measured analysis of the case file, this Court has verified the illegitimate administrative inaction incurred by the defendant Administration, which the plaintiff accuses and which the municipal representation also acknowledges, without any reason being apparent from which a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, or disproportionality in the scope of the claims, could be accredited. Thus, Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana, has requested the declaration of the omission (claim no. 2) and, consequently, that compliance with the legal mandates that have been disregarded be ordered, which includes the duty of the Municipality of Santa Ana to construct the road works that are lacking, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the recovery of the full mobility or passability of the cantonal public roads existing in the stretch indicated in the lawsuit (claims nos. 3 to 8), all of which was accepted by the local Government, as is evident from Municipal Council agreement No. 09 adopted in Article VI of the ordinary session No. 57 held on June 3 of this year:\n\n\"…The acquiescence (allanamiento) authorized through agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the encroached public areas, building the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter on Calle Cubilla, which includes Avenida 55 beginning at the intersection with route 310, the entirety of calle 14, and Avenida 51 up to the Bosques de Carao Condominium; a stretch illustrated in the image of the referred agreement in transcript 347-2024 provided with the answer to the lawsuit.\" …” (Highlighting is not from the original text).\n\nThis being the case, having determined that the requirements set forth by the legal system to admit the acquiescence (allanamiento) made in the proceedings are satisfied, what is required is to uphold the plaintiff's claims, so it is hereby declared that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached the pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty to construct and maintain sidewalks and curb and gutter, and to safeguard full mobility or passability on the public roads comprised in the claimed stretch. Consequently, as requested by the plaintiff, in accordance with Article 122 subsection g) CPCA, the Municipality of Santa Ana must be ordered to cease the inaction or omission and to fulfill, within a reasonable period, the obligations imposed by the legal system to which reference has been made, based on the technical opinion that both parties have provided to the proceedings. By virtue of this and attending to the specific circumstances that have been duly demonstrated, the following parameters are set for the defendant local entity to comply with the omitted conduct: 1) The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered, within a maximum period of one month counting from the finality of this judgment, to inform the execution judge of this Court about the technical actions or procedures initiated to prepare \"…a new road right-of-way design that is comprehensive and includes sidewalks, curb and gutter on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing road right-of-way defined by the property lines formed on site and the existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outfalls)…\", as recommended in the technical expert opinion contained in official letter no. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated May 3, 2023. For the effective fulfillment of what is ordered, the Municipal Mayor must provide a schedule establishing the different actions, phases, and responsible parties so that, within a maximum period of six months, the new road right-of-way design indicated therein is concluded. Once that period has elapsed, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana must present to the execution judge of this Court the final compliance report containing the definitive design of the actions and works to be executed on the stretch in question. 2) Once the report on the aspects indicated in the preceding point is presented and in accordance with the new road right-of-way design, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana is ordered to implement the necessary actions and measures to begin the construction of the road infrastructure and the removal of obstacles or other elements that impede adequate mobility and passability on the stretch in question, within a maximum period of six months, these having to be duly completed no later than one year after they began. 3) The Municipal Mayor must take note of what is ordered herein and make the pertinent budgetary forecasts or modifications, in order to comply with what is ordered, under penalty of the crime of disobedience to authority. Likewise, every six months they must submit progress reports on the fulfillment of what is ordered to the execution phase of this Court. 4) The sentence execution judge shall make the reports and the new road right-of-way design described above known to the plaintiff and shall ensure due compliance with said planning, the deadlines, and the execution of the works, in accordance with the powers granted by the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). For that purpose, they shall be enabled to apply the mechanisms provided for in Articles 158 and 159 of that regulatory body, also against the public officials indicated as responsible in the report described in point 1). -\n\nX.- ON COSTS. - The obligation to pay costs constitutes an obligation of legal origin, in this case, derived from numeral 193 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, through which the losing party -by the mere fact of being so- is obliged to reimburse the winning party for a variety of categories of expenses incurred due to the proceedings, which they should not have been required to bear. According to said article as well as 194 and 197 ibidem, exemption from this award may only occur if one of the circumstances regulated therein is proven, such that in the absence of allegations or evidence allowing this Court, in the specific case, to weigh and deem any of these grounds as accredited, it is not possible to exempt the losing party wholly or partially from the application of said maxim. In the present case, the proceeding concluded as a result of the affirmative answer or acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the defendant Municipal Administration, and in that sense, the aforementioned numeral 197.1 CPCA prescribes the following: \"...Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, there shall be no award of costs in the event of withdrawal, acquiescence, or extra-procedural satisfaction of the claim, before the preliminary hearing or during it…\". Therefore, since the acquiescence occurred before the preliminary hearing took place in this matter, what is in accordance with Law is to exonerate the losing party from the payment of costs, as is hereby ordered. -\n\nTHEREFORE (POR TANTO)\n\nBecause it is in accordance with the legal system, the request for acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the defendant party is granted.\n\nTherefore, THE LAWSUIT filed by SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN against the MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA is HEREBY GRANTED, in the following terms: A) It is declared that the Municipality of Santa Ana has failed to comply with the pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty of construction and maintenance of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and of safeguarding full mobility or walkability on the cantonal public roads located on Calle La Cubilla, specifically, the segment from the intersection of Avenida 055A with Ruta Nacional 310, continuing along Calle 014 and Avenida 051, up to Condominio Bosques de Carao, which is graphically represented by the dotted yellow line seen in the following image: --\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\nB) The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered to cease its inactivity or omission and to comply, within a reasonable period, with the obligations imposed by the legal system to which reference has been made, based on the technical criteria that both parties have provided to the case file. By virtue of this and considering the specific circumstances that have been duly demonstrated, the following parameters are established so that the sued local entity fulfills the omitted conduct: 1) The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered, within a maximum period of one month from the finality of this ruling, to inform the enforcement judge (juez ejecutor) of this Court about the technical actions or procedures initiated to develop \"...a new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design that is comprehensive and includes sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón y caño) on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing road right-of-way (derecho vial) defined by the property lines established on site and the existing storm drainage infrastructure (wells, drains, ditches, and outfalls)...\", as recommended in the technical report contained in official communication no. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated May 3, 2023. For the effective fulfillment of what has been ordered, the Municipal Mayor (Alcalde Municipal) must provide a schedule establishing the different actions, phases, and responsible parties so that, within a maximum period of six months, the new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design indicated therein is completed. Once that period has elapsed, the Municipal Mayor (Alcalde Municipal) of Santa Ana must present to the enforcement judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución) of this Court the final compliance report containing the definitive design of the actions and works to be executed on the previously described segment. 2) Once the report on the aspects indicated in the previous point and the new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design have been presented, the Municipal Mayor (Alcalde Municipal) of Santa Ana is ordered to implement the actions and measures necessary to begin the construction of the road infrastructure and the removal of obstacles or other elements that impede adequate mobility and walkability on the segment in question, within a maximum period of six months, with these works being duly completed no later than one year after they begin. 3) The Municipal Mayor (Alcalde Municipal) must take note of what is ordered herein and make the pertinent budgetary provisions or modifications, in order to comply with the order, under penalty of the crime of disobedience to authority. Likewise, every six months, they must submit progress reports on the fulfillment of the order to the enforcement phase (fase de ejecución) of this Court. 4) The sentence enforcement judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución de sentencia) shall notify the plaintiff party of the aforementioned reports and the new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design and shall ensure the proper fulfillment of said planning, the deadlines, and the execution of the works, in accordance with the powers granted by the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. In that regard, they will be empowered to apply the mechanisms provided in articles 158 and 159 of that normative body, also against the officials indicated as responsible parties in the report described in point 1) above. – The losing party is exempted from the payment of costs. - Notify. -\\n\\r\\n\\nDaniel Aguilar Méndez\\n\\r\\n\\nCynthia Abarca Gómez José Roberto Garita Navarro\\n \\n \\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n \\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n- Verification Code -\\n???????????????\\n0YCZYWXRP8E61\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n \\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\nDocument signed by:\\n\\nDANIEL AGUILAR MENDEZ, DECISIONAL JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A)\\nJOSE ROBERTO GARITA NAVARRO, DECISIONAL JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A)\\nCYNTHIA ABARCA GOMEZ, DECISIONAL JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A)\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\r\\n\\n \\n\\r\\n\\n\\r\\n\\nEXP: 23-005125-1027-CA\\n\\r\\n\\nGoicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr\n\nC) This resolution is issued to terminate the proceeding early, in accordance with the provisions of article 114 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code (CPCA). Consequently, since the preliminary hearing phase has not been conducted as regulated by canon 90 ibidem, all documentary evidence submitted to the case file would be taken into account for the issuance of the respective resolution; however, it will be within the deliberative examination on the merits that the appropriate value will be assigned to the evidentiary items that are relevant and pertinent to this judgment, according to the rules of sound reasoning (Art. 82 CPCA). D) Based on the provisions of article 147 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch, as well as the principle of functional equivalence of electronic documents, set forth in articles 3 of the Law on Certificates, Digital Signatures and Electronic Documents, and 11 REJEPJ, in addition to the fact that the CPC only requires the identification of the evidentiary source for the list of proven and unproven facts in the judgment (Art. 61.2.2), and taking into account that the documentary collection corresponding to the judicial file is directly incorporated into the databases of this Branch of the Republic, this Chamber has decided that for purposes of reference and identification of the documentary evidence and procedural acts contained therein, only the image numbers (im. /ims.) in which they appear in the digital document—which, in a \".pdf\" file format and ordered ascendingly, has been downloaded from the computer application of the electronic judicial file, as of the date of this resolution—will be indicated. –\n\nII.- REGARDING THE PROCESSING OF THIS MATTER. - The lawsuit in this proceeding was filed on September 8, 2013, against the Municipality of Santa Ana. As will be developed infra, this is an action with a marked obligation-to-provide nature, since what is being challenged is an alleged omission incurred by that local Corporation, consisting of the lack of sidewalks (aceras) and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the encroachment (invasión) of public zones, in a territorial extension that includes \"...where the intersection of Calle Cubilla with Vía No. 310 begins, continuing along calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of the Condominio Bosques de Carao...\". After a preliminary warning issued in a resolution at 07:34 hours on September 25, 2023, the plaintiff proceeded, among other aspects, to correct the issue of the grounds for their lawsuit. In an order at 12:47 hours on January 15, 2024, the Processing Judge granted a transfer of the lawsuit to the respondent Municipality, which affirmatively answered on May 31 of that year. In that sense, the local Government provided to the case file the authorization to acquiesce given by the Municipal Council of Santa Ana, in agreement No. 4 adopted in Article VI.1 of ordinary session number 03 held on May 21, 2024. In a resolution at 11:38 hours on June 19, 2024, the Processing Judge ordered that the lawsuit be deemed answered and, by virtue of the acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the Municipality, ordered \"...the referral of the case file to the Trial Court, for its consideration...\". Subsequently, by resolution no. 2025000848 at 20:04 hours on February 4, 2025, entitled \"...ACQUIESCENCE TO THE LAWSUIT filed by the MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA is resolved, as will be stated below...\", that same Judge orders \"...THEREFORE: Refer this matter to Team 6 so that it may proceed according to the provisions of numeral 114, subsection 4, of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code...\". However, this matter was only brought to the attention of this Court on May 14 of the current year. Thus, once what had occurred in the proceeding was reviewed and by means of a resolution at 13:07 hours on May 19, it was determined to issue a series of preliminary warnings to the Municipality of Santa Ana, so that it could clarify several questions that drew the attention of this Chamber, which were addressed through writings from the local Corporation uploaded to the electronic judicial file on the following dates: May 26 and June 5 (this aspect will be revisited infra). It is worth noting that the plaintiff was informed of what happened by an order at 08:54 hours on May 28, without said party having commented on it. –\n\nIII.- OBJECT OF THE PROCEEDING. - In the sub examine case, the respective preliminary hearing has not been held, so the object of the proceeding (Art. 119.1 CPCA) consists of the claims originally formulated in the action, which expressly state the following:\n\n\"...CLAIMS\n\n1. That the present lawsuit be declared with merit in all its aspects\n2. That it be declared that the Municipal Corporation has breached an obligation to manage, to notify the owners of real estate in the geographical area indicated in this lawsuit so that they remedy the administrative omission with respect to: Recovery of public zones in light of the encroachment, construction of quality sidewalks (aceras), construction of the curb and gutter (cordón de caño).\n3.\n\nThat before the omission of the sued Municipal Corporation to enforce the law and require the administered owners of real estate properties neighboring the geographic area detailed in this lawsuit, it has become responsible for supplying the need for infrastructure works of sidewalk construction, curb and gutter (cordón de caño) and recovery of public areas currently encroached upon by the owners of neighboring real estate properties.\n\n4. That it be declared that the sued Municipal Corporation must build quality infrastructure works for sidewalk construction, curb and gutter (cordón de caño) and recovery of public areas currently encroached upon by the owners of neighboring real estate properties in the indicated geographic area.\n\n5. That a deadline be set for the sued municipal corporation to carry out said works under penalty of the responsible persons being accused of the crime of disobedience to authority.\n\n6. That the geographic area where the omitted administrative conduct must be supplied with respect to the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the recovery of public areas, is from where the intersection of Calle Cubilla with Vía No. 310 begins, continuing along Calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of the Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n\n7. That the sued Municipal Corporation be ordered to carry out quality works, that is, that they be passable, adequate according to law for persons with disabilities, and that their durability be guaranteed, the same which must be built in front of the properties located facing the already indicated route and any accessory infrastructure works, street, curb and gutter (cordón de caño) and those that are necessary, guaranteeing the pedestrian safety of those of us who travel along said road.\n\n8. That in the event that the sued municipal entity does not have resources, it take budgetary precautions and assign the respective budget line item (partida) for the next budget.\n\n9. That the sued entity be ordered to pay both costs of this action.\n\n10. That on any amount that said institution is ordered to pay, the payment of interest be imposed…”\n\nThe representation of the Municipality, in its affirmative response, indicated that it was consenting to the lawsuit in the following terms:\n\n“...CONSENT (ALLANAMIENTO)\nAs evidenced by report MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023, it is true, as the plaintiff indicates, that there are no sidewalks on Calle Cubilla and that the Municipality has not notified the owners of the obligation to build the sidewalks; consequently, we consent (allanamiento) to the totality of the lawsuit claims, for which I have requested the authorization of the Concejo Municipal…”\n\nHowever, the text of the consent (allanamiento) presented a series of inconsistencies that generated doubts in this Court, which is why, in an order of 13:07 hours on May 19, 2025, the Municipality was warned in order to clarify, first, the omissions included in its consent (allanamiento), and second, the legal nature and scope of a section titled “proposal to fulfill them” (claims). Said request was addressed by the Municipality through a brief filed in the electronic expediente on May 26 of the previous year. On that occasion, it stated that the consent (allanamiento) comprised the lack of sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño) and the encroachment (invasión) of public areas; and that the \"proposal\" section did not imply a condition, but rather a request for a deadline for the fulfillment of the works and that it referred to the phase of execution of the eventual judgment. In that regard, it provided on the following June 5, the document with which it completed the consent (allanamiento) agreement by the Concejo Municipal, which will be analyzed later. -\n\nIV.- OF CONSENT (ALLANAMIENTO) AS AN EARLY FORM OF TERMINATION OF THE PROCESS. - As of article 112 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, a series of institutes are established through which a process before this jurisdiction can validly conclude, other than the judgment. The rule in question states: “… In addition to the other mechanisms established by law, the process may end early, by the means established in this chapter, and the resolution that so orders shall have the authority of res judicata…” (Emphasis is not from the original). These procedural forms are generally characterized because they do not entail a ruling on the claims and the merits of the specific case, hence they are called “early” modes of termination of the process, precisely because they occur in a cognitive phase prior to the judgment itself. The procedural Code provides for a total of seven of these modalities, namely: expiration of the process (caducidad del proceso) (article 112 bis), withdrawal (desistimiento) (article 113), total or partial consent (allanamiento) (article 114), extra-procedural satisfaction (satisfacción extraprocesal) (article 115), equivalence of administrative resolution (equiparación de resolución administrativa) (article 116), settlement (transacción) (article 117) and fulfillment of omitted conduct (cumplimiento de conducta omitida) (article 118).\n\nEach of these has different requirements and juridical effects (formal and material), which in turn, to a greater or lesser degree, requires an analysis by the jurisdictional body hearing the matter. Regarding what is relevant here, the **acquiescence (allanamiento)** is the termination of the process resulting from a unilateral act of the defendant, in which they declare their express and unequivocal intent to accept the claims that have been brought against them—with the juridical effects that this entails—such that they accede to them totally or partially, without subjection to any legal condition or term, or to counter-payments from the plaintiff (as occurs, for example, in the case of a transaction). However, the mere introduction of this act into the court file is not sufficient *per se* to conclude the process, since, as prescribed by article 114.4 CPCA, the jurisdictional authority must first verify whether or not the juridical order is infringed by the acquiescence (allanamiento), which is consistent with the legality control constitutionally attributed to this jurisdiction (Art. 49 CPOL). This scrutiny must be carried out from a dual perspective: formal and substantial. **From the adjectival (adjetivo) point of view**, it is required that the procedural act of acquiescence (allanamiento): **(1)** represents the express and unequivocal consent of the defendant to accede, totally or partially, to the claims of the party bringing the action, not to the facts, arguments, or evidence on which they are based; **(2)** emanates from the party who legitimately can carry it out, that is, from the defendant to whom the claim is attributed, not an intervening party or a third party unrelated to it, in the case of a plurality of passive parties. It should be said that this analysis also involves assessing the capacity and proper representation of the party making the acquiescence (allanamiento) to the claim; **(3)** is granted at the appropriate procedural moment, that is, before judgment, not in a later phase, whether an appeal or execution phase; and **(4)** in the case of Public Administrations, along with the act of acquiescence (allanamiento), they must provide the Court with the respective authorization issued by the competent body for this, according to the rules defined in numerals 114.2 and 114.3 CPCA. The First Chamber has affirmed in this regard: *\" ...In the event that it is the Public Administration that intends to acquiesce (allanarse), it must present the agreement or resolution adopted by the competent body—**the head of the entity (jerarca)—**, authorizing such a manifestation of will, which is logical, furthermore, in accordance with the principle of legality governing administrative action provided for in numeral 11 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) and in article 11 of the Magna Carta... \"* (Judgment no. **497-A-S1-2023** at 09:16 hours on April 13, 2023. Highlighting is not from the original). On the other hand, by reason of the powers that this Court possesses as guarantor of the legality of administrative activity, as well as the subjective rights and legitimate interests of the administered (Arts. 49, 154 and 166 Political Constitution, 8 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch, 8 and 10 General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), 1 CPCA, as well as suppletorily, articles 19 to 22 Civil Code and 4 to 6 and 39 Civil Procedure Code), **from the substantial (sustancial) point of view**, it is required that the jurisdictional authority determine and verify: **(a)** the conformity with the juridical order of that which has been the object of acquiescence (allanamiento) (by verifying its material presuppositions, namely: standing (legitimación) -active and passive-, current interest and right); **(b)** that the action is not the result of procedural fraud, bad faith, or an antisocial or abusive exercise of right; and **(c)** the reasonability and proportionality of the claims upon which the acquiescence (allanamiento) has operated in relation to the public interest, with the Court being empowered, according to numeral 131.3 CPCA, to graduate and dimension the effects of the ruling in time, space, or matter, if necessary in order to safeguard social stability and juridical security. It should be said, finally, that this Court has reiterated on multiple occasions that this exercise of verification is inferred as a logical derivation of the legality control that, by constitutional imperative, this Administrative Contentious Jurisdiction must perform. It could not be otherwise, since in line with this purpose of control, the adjudicator could not endorse acquiescences (allanamientos) that, in essence, entail or presume substantial infractions of the juridical order or dislocations to the public interest, given that this would translate into the abandonment of the constitutional guarantee entrusted to this jurisdiction. Accordingly, upon the defendant's manifestation to acquiesce (allanarse) to the action brought against them, the adjudicator must weigh whether what is essentially sought and constitutes the object of the process conforms to that parameter of legality, in which case, the process will be terminated, or to the contrary, what is legally appropriate will be resolved to concretize that purpose of protecting the juridical order. Furthermore, it is clear that when there are co-defendants, the process must continue with respect to those who have not made an acquiescence (allanamiento), where applicable, in attention to the object under debate. **-**\n\n**V.- EXAMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC CASE.- a) **Analysis of the formal presuppositions of the acquiescence (allanamiento)**.-** In the case at hand (*sub judice*), the affirmative answer to the claim is signed directly by the person holding the position of Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana (images 74 to 78, 80 and 132 to 134), the body that according to article 17 subsection n) of the Municipal Code, holds the legal representation of the Local Government. This person expressed, expressly and unequivocally, the will of that Administration to accede to the totality of the claims.\n\nAs was confirmed, precisely, following the prevention issued by this Court, the municipal representative indicated regarding the scope of the acquiescence (allanamiento) that it included \"...the construction of sidewalks, the curb and gutter (cordón de caño) [sic] necessary for the proper relationship of the sidewalk with the pavement level of the roadway. / And since the sidewalk is part of the public right-of-way (derecho de vía), structures and plants that are outside the private property line and obstruct its construction must be eliminated…\". Likewise, it stated that the territorial extension in which the omission materialized was not objected to; on the contrary, it accepted that it was exactly as mentioned in the lawsuit. Finally, it is verified from the case file that two agreements of the Municipal Council of Santa Ana authorizing the acquiescence have been presented (visible at images 106 and 141 of the judicial file), a body that holds the hierarchical competence in the matter, since the object of this case concerns the challenge of omissive conduct in relation to the construction and maintenance of infrastructure on the cantonal road network, specifically, sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and encroachment (invasión) on the public right-of-way. This follows from numerals 13 subsections a) and e) of the Código Municipal, as it is the responsibility of that body to determine the development policies and priorities of the municipality, as well as the commitment and authorization of municipal expenditures, especially regarding compliance with the administration competencies for the cantonal road network provided for in Laws No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, Ley General de Caminos Públicos, 8114 of July 4, 2001, Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias, 9329 of October 15, 2015, Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal, 9789 of December 9, 2019, Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional, 9976 of April 6, 2021, Ley de Movilidad Peatonal, among others, as well as their respective regulations. Thus, the first document provided was agreement no. 4 adopted in Article VI.1 of ordinary session of the Municipal Council number 03 held on May 21, 2024, which states as follows:\n\n\"...AGREEMENT NO. 04: WITH DISPENSATION OF COMMITTEE PROCESSING, IT IS APPROVED UNANIMOUSLY AND FINALLY: FIRST: THE MOTION PRESENTED BY THE PROPRIETARY COUNCILOR, GONZALO ROJAS ROJAS, IS APPROVED AND OFFICIAL LETTER NO. MSA-ALC-01-044-2024, DATED MAY 15, 2024, SIGNED BY LICDA. ANDREA ROBLES ÁLVAREZ, IN CHARGE OF THE LEGAL ADVISORY PROCESS, IS ACCEPTED; SECOND: BEFORE THE LAWSUIT BEING PROCESSED UNDER CASE FILE 23-005125-0027-CA, FILED BY MR. SEBASTIAN VARGAS ROLDAN, THIS MUNICIPAL COUNCIL RECOGNIZES THAT THERE ARE NO SIDEWALKS ON CALLE CUBILLA AND THAT THE MUNICIPALITY HAS NOT NOTIFIED THE PROPERTY OWNERS OF THE OBLIGATION TO BUILD THEM; CONSEQUENTLY, WE ACQUIESCE TO ALL OF THE CLAIMS OF THE LAWSUIT AND THE MAYOR IS AUTHORIZED TO PRESENT THIS ACQUIESCENCE TOGETHER WITH A PROPOSAL TO FULFILL THEM; THIRD: NOTIFY THE MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION SO THAT IT FORWARDS THIS AGREEMENT TO THE CORRESPONDING DEPARTMENTS AND INSTRUCTS ACCORDINGLY...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nAnd subsequently, under this Court's warning, agreement no. 09 of the same body was provided, adopted in Article VI of ordinary session no. 57 held on June 3 of this year, in which the following was ordered:\n\n\"...THEREFORE\nThis Municipal Council agrees:\nIn accordance with the request made by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, within administrative litigation process 23-005125-027-CA, it is approved to clarify to the Court that:\n\"The acquiescence authorized through agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the encroached public areas, constructing the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter (cordón de caño) of Calle Cubilla comprising Avenida 55 starting at the intersection with route 310, Calle 14 in its entirety, and Avenida 51 up to the Condominio Bosques de Carao; a route illustrated in the image of the aforementioned agreement in transcription 347-2024 provided with the answer to the lawsuit.\" ...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nThis Court infers that, in fact, the competent body has authorized the acquiescence as such. Therefore, the procedural requirements for this early form of termination of the process are deemed satisfied; consequently, we will proceed next with the substantive analysis. -\n\nVI.- CONTINUED. - b) Analysis of the acquiescence (allanamiento) from a substantial standpoint.- As a first step, the Court must verify the satisfaction of the substantive or material prerequisites, that is, those requirements that are necessary in order to be able to grant or deny what is requested, even disregarding the arguments constructed by the parties, given that they are reviewable ex officio (judgments of the Sala Primera no. 317-F-S1-2008 of 09:10 hours on May 2, 2008, 1548-F-SI-2011 of 09:20 hours on December 22, 2011, 1266-F-S1-2019 of 14:35 hours on July 11, 2019, 667-F-S1-2021 of 15:40 hours on March 18, 2021 and 529-F-S1-2024 of 09:36 hours on May 24, 2024, among others). These material prerequisites constitute: 1) the susceptibility of the action to become an effective judicial means or remedy to affect the legal sphere of the litigating subjects (standing (legitimación ad causam)), 2) the judgment of suitability and utility of the material claim in resolving the grounds for the claim (causa petendi) (current interest (interés actual)) and finally, 3) the conformity of what is requested with the legal system (Law/Derecho). If any or all of these requirements are not met in the specific case, the judge is prevented from granting the petition, even with the consent of the defendant.\n\nProceeding in a contrary manner would amount to enabling the issuance of unlawful judgments, which contradicts the very purpose of the justice system in a democratic and social State of Law, in addition to lending itself to abuse and procedural fraud, which is explicitly prohibited in our legal system (Arts 2 and 8 LOPJ, 19 to 22 CCIV and 4 to 6 and 39 CPC). We will begin the analysis of the specific case by indicating that, as is evident from the case file, as of the date the lawsuit was filed, that is, **08 de setiembre de 2023**, the plaintiff here, Mr. Sebastián David Vargas Roldán, was a resident of the district of Pozos in the canton of Santa Ana, residing in the Villa Real condominium located in that locality (an uncontested fact) and that in that capacity he submitted, on **17 de abril de 2023**, a brief before the Municipalidad de Santa Ana in which he claimed the omission to construct sidewalks (aceras) in the area that “… begins [at] the intersection of Calle Cubilla with Vía No. 310, continuing along Calle 14, passing in front of the Santa Ana special education center and passing in front of the Condominio Bosques de Carao…”, in addition to the fact that, according to his statement, the invasion of public zones was permitted, where sidewalk, green zone, and curb (cordón de caño) should be located. He denounced on that occasion that said omissions have caused local residents to have to walk on the road “where motor vehicles circulate at high speed,” putting their lives and those of the people who daily transit the area at risk. He requested that a plan be established to address the situation and that the construction of sidewalks (aceras), curbs (cordón de caño), sewer works, and other urban furnishings be of quality and take into consideration the needs of the population with disabilities (images 11 to 14 of the judicial file). On **20 de abril de 2023**, the Mayor of Santa Ana issued two official letters, namely: one with reference number MSA-ALC-04-264-2023, in which he replied to the plaintiff here and indicated to him that, as it is a priority sector within the cantonal sustainable mobility plan, he would proceed to manage the “diagnostic report for the road segment indicated in the request,” and then, official letter No. MSA-ALC-04-266-2023, in which, pursuant to the foregoing, he instructed several departments to carry out “… the necessary actions to render, within a reasonable time, a report on the existing infrastructure on site; possible encroachments on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and the necessary infrastructure to be able to begin notification to the property owners of the construction of sidewalks (aceras)…” (images 15 to 17 of the judicial file). Subsequently, by means of official letter No. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated **03 de mayo de 2023**, signed by the officials Carlos Morales Sandoval and Julio Retana Valverde, both from the Municipalidad de Santa Ana, the technical report requested by the Mayor's Office was rendered. This document is transcendental for the present matter, so much so that it not only forms part of the evidentiary support for the lawsuit, but also constitutes the technical input used by the Local Government to support its acquiescence, both in the brief presented before this Court and in the agreements adopted by the Concejo Municipal. In the first place, in order to address what was petitioned in administrative proceedings (and reiterated before this judicial venue in the lawsuit), that is, the failure to comply with the construction and maintenance of road infrastructure, the municipal officials proceeded to locate the sector of the cantonal route in question: Calle Cubilla, from the intersection with national route 310 to the Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n\nIn that regard, the report describes that this segment comprises stretches of three (3) local roads, namely: avenue 055A, street 014, and avenue 051, which was represented graphically (yellow dotted line) in the following image (figure 1): -\n\nConsiderando:\n\nI. Que los recurrentes señalan la violación a los artículos 21 y 33 de la Ley Forestal, en razón de que la SETENA por resolución Nº 411-2000-SETENA, de las 9:00 horas del 27 de marzo del 2000, estableció la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto, pero definió que la corta de árboles y la tala de bosque, debía limitarse a los sitios de obras y excluir los árboles que se encontraran en los terrenos que no serían ocupados por las obras del proyecto. Indican que el ICE contraviniendo la resolución de la SETENA, solicitó a la Administración Forestal del Estado, una modificación del Plan de Manejo para la corta de toda la madera de los terrenos que iban a ser inundados, para lo cual presentó un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental. Manifiestan que la Administración Forestal del Estado, sin tener competencia para variar una disposición de la SETENA, aprobó la solicitud de aprovechamiento del ICE, desconociendo el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) de la SETENA que ya había definido la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto. Consideran que hubo una extralimitación de funciones por parte de la Administración Forestal del Estado. Que la modificación al Plan de Manejo fue realizada por el Departamento de Desarrollo Forestal de la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre del MINAE, a través de las resoluciones Nº 033-2001 y Nº 034-2001, ambas del 5 de enero del 2001, y los carteles de licitación para el aprovechamiento de la madera se publicaron en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta N° 4 y N° 5 del 5 y 8 de enero del 2001, respectivamente. Que la tala del bosque se realizó sin contar con el permiso de la Municipalidad del Cantón de Buenos Aires, ni con el permiso de la SETENA, violentando con ello el principio de que el permiso de corta de árboles debe ser previo a su ejecución.\n\nII. Que la Ley Forestal en su artículo 18 establece que: \"Las áreas de Protección establecidas en esta ley, así como las cubiertas de bosque, no podrán ser sometidas a cambios de uso del suelo, ni a la tala del bosque, sin el previo permiso de la Administración Forestal del Estado...\". Por su parte, el artículo 19 de esa misma ley establece: \"Prohíbese la corta o el aprovechamiento de los árboles situados en terrenos de aptitud forestal, comprendidos en las áreas de Protección de que trata el artículo 33 de esta ley, salvo aquellos proyectos declarados por el Poder Ejecutivo como de conveniencia nacional\". El artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal dispone: \"Las áreas de Protección de las nacientes permanentes se establecerán con un radio de cien metros, medidos en proyección horizontal a partir del punto donde brota el agua...\". El artículo 1° del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE, de 17 de octubre de 1996, publicado en La Gaceta N° 216 de 11 de noviembre de 1996, reglamenta los artículos 33 y 34 de la Ley Forestal, definiendo el concepto de \"área de Protección\" como: \"Las áreas delimitadas, en las cuales los terrenos de dominio privado o público se someten, por disposición de la Ley Forestal, a una servidumbre de uso y de no construir, a favor de la conservación y Protección del recurso hídrico...\". El artículo 2° de este Decreto establece: \"La corta o eliminación de árboles, la corta o eliminación de vegetación arbustiva, la corta o eliminación de bosque, la eliminación de cobertura boscosa, o los cambios de uso del suelo, solo podrán autorizarse en las áreas de Protección, cuando se trate de proyectos de interés público declarados por el Poder Ejecutivo, previo el otorgamiento de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental por parte de la SETENA...\". El artículo 6° del mismo Decreto señala: \"Los bosques y terrenos forestales, así como los terrenos de aptitud forestal donde existan o no bosques, no podrán ser sometidos a cambios de uso del suelo sin la previa autorización de la autoridad competente. Para el otorgamiento de dicha autorización, el interesado deberá presentar un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental...\". De manera que, la normativa forestal establece la prohibición de cambiar el uso del suelo y cortar el bosque en áreas de Protección, salvo que se trate de proyectos declarados de conveniencia nacional y se obtenga la viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA.\n\nIII. Que en el presente caso, el Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Boruca fue declarado de conveniencia nacional mediante Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25633-MINAE, del 28 de octubre de 1996, y mediante Decreto Ejecutivo N° 27535-MINAE, de 23 de noviembre de 1998. Asimismo, la SETENA, mediante resolución Nº 411-2000-SETENA de las 9:00 horas del 27 de marzo de 2000, otorgó la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto. En dicha resolución, la SETENA estableció en el punto 4 de la parte dispositiva: \"Que la corta de árboles y tala de bosque deberá limitarse a los sitios de obras y excluir los árboles que se encuentren en los terrenos que no serán ocupados por las obras del proyecto\". Por lo tanto, al existir un acto administrativo previo de la SETENA que autorizaba la corta de árboles limitada a los sitios de obras, excluyendo los terrenos no ocupados por el proyecto, cualquier corta o tala de bosque fuera de esos límites requería de una modificación de dicha viabilidad ambiental o de un nuevo permiso. \n\nIV. Que las resoluciones Nº 033-2001 y Nº 034-2001, ambas del 5 de enero de 2001, emitidas por el Departamento de Desarrollo Forestal de la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre del MINAE, aprobaron la modificación del Plan de Manejo presentada por el ICE para la corta de madera en los terrenos que serían inundados por el proyecto. Sin embargo, estas resoluciones no modificaron ni sustituyeron la resolución de la SETENA Nº 411-2000-SETENA, la cual era el acto que definía la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto. La Administración Forestal del Estado no tiene competencia para modificar o sustituir las disposiciones de la SETENA en materia de viabilidad ambiental. La SETENA es la autoridad competente en materia de evaluación de impacto ambiental, de conformidad con el artículo 83 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, y la Ley 7575. Por lo tanto, las resoluciones de la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre del MINAE, al autorizar la corta de madera en terrenos que no estaban contemplados en la viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA, contravinieron lo dispuesto por esta última, lo cual constituye una violación al debido proceso y al principio de legalidad.\n\nV. Que los recurrentes también alegan la violación del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, en razón de que el proyecto no contó con un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental adecuado y completo, ni se realizó una consulta pública efectiva a las comunidades indígenas afectadas. Señalan que el ICE fragmentó el proyecto en varios componentes para evadir la realización de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental integral, y que la SETENA aprobó la viabilidad ambiental sin considerar los impactos acumulativos del proyecto. Indican que no se respetó el derecho de las comunidades indígenas a ser consultadas de manera previa, libre e informada, de conformidad con el Convenio 169 de la OIT, la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas, y la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional, en particular el Voto 4654-2003. \n\nVI. Que la Sala Constitucional, en el Voto 4654-2003, estableció lineamientos claros sobre la obligación del Estado de consultar a las comunidades indígenas cuando se pretendan realizar proyectos que afecten sus territorios o sus derechos. En este caso, el proyecto hidroeléctrico se ubica en territorios indígenas y afecta directamente los derechos e intereses de las comunidades indígenas de la zona. No obstante, no consta en el expediente que se haya realizado una consulta previa, libre e informada a las comunidades indígenas afectadas, de conformidad con los estándares internacionales y la jurisprudencia constitucional. Por el contrario, los recurrentes afirman que la consulta realizada fue insuficiente y no cumplió con los requisitos establecidos. La falta de una consulta adecuada constituye una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, así como al derecho de participación ciudadana en materia ambiental.\n\nVII. Que en cuanto a la violación del derecho a la salud y a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, los recurrentes señalan que la tala del bosque y la inundación de grandes extensiones de terreno causarían daños irreversibles al ecosistema, afectando la disponibilidad de agua, la biodiversidad y la salud de las comunidades aledañas. La deforestación y la pérdida de forest cover (cobertura boscosa), en especial en áreas de spring (naciente) protection, contravienen los principios de desarrollo sostenible y el derecho humano a un ambiente sano.\n\nPor tanto:\n\nSe declara CON LUGAR el recurso de amparo. Se anulan las resoluciones Nº 033-2001 y Nº 034-2001, ambas del 5 de enero del 2001, emitidas por el Departamento de Desarrollo Forestal de la Dirección General de Vida Silvestre del MINAE. Se ordena al ICE y al MINAE abstenerse de realizar cualquier acto de corta o tala de bosque, land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), o cualquier otra actividad que afecte la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) y las áreas de spring (naciente) protection en la zona del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Boruca, hasta tanto no se cumpla con los siguientes requisitos:\n\na) La SETENA deberá realizar una evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) integral del proyecto, que considere los impactos acumulativos de todos sus componentes, incluyendo la corta de árboles y la tala del bosque en los terrenos que serían inundados, así como los impactos sobre las áreas de spring (naciente) protection y las comunidades indígenas.\n\nb) El ICE y el MINAE deberán realizar una consulta previa, libre e informada a las comunidades indígenas afectadas, de conformidad con los estándares establecidos en el Convenio 169 de la OIT, la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas, y la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional, en particular el Voto 4654-2003.\n\nc) La SETENA deberá emitir una nueva resolución sobre la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental del proyecto, una vez cumplidos los requisitos anteriores, de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico ambiental y forestal.\n\nSe condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados a los recurrentes, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia.\n\nConsiderando III.— Que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), adscrita al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, otorgó la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Esperanza\", en adelante el proyecto, a desarrollarse en la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, Partido de Puntarenas, bajo el sistema de Folio Real matrícula N° 150238-000, ubicada en el distrito de Jacó, cantón de Garabito, provincia de Puntarenas, bajo una serie de condiciones y medidas ambientales.\n\nConsiderando IV.— Que dentro de las condiciones y medidas ambientales establecidas en la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental otorgada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, se dispuso expresamente en el punto 4.2.1 del Anexo 1 (Medidas Ambientales) lo siguiente:\n\n\"4.2.1 Deberá de mantener como zona de protección la establecida en los planos del proyecto, en la cual no se permite ninguna actividad que implique la eliminación de la cobertura boscosa o cambio de uso del suelo. Esta zona deberá de ser delimitada en el campo mediante hitos o mojones que deberán ser georreferenciados. Las coordenadas de ubicación de estos hitos deberán ser reportadas a la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), al Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) y a la Municipalidad de Garabito. Estas áreas de protección deberán de estar debidamente inscritas como servidumbre o cesión de áreas de protección.\"\n\nConsiderando V.— Que las medidas ambientales contenidas en el Anexo 1 de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental otorgada mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, así como todas y cada una de las obligaciones establecidas en dicha resolución, constituyen compromisos ambientales de acatamiento obligatorio para el desarrollador del proyecto, cuyo incumplimiento puede acarrear las sanciones administrativas correspondientes, incluyendo la revocatoria de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en los artículos 20 y 21 de la Ley 7575, Ley Forestal.\n\nUn ciudadano costarricense, mayor de edad, con cédula de identidad número [...], vecino de [...], actuando en su condición personal, interpone formal denuncia penal contra el señor MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA y el señor DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SERVICIO NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), por los presuntos delitos de PREVARICATO, INCUMPLIMIENTO DE DEBERES, y cualquier otro delito que se pudiera configurar, en razón de los siguientes hechos y consideraciones legales.\n\n**I. HECHOS**\n\n1. El suscrito denunciante adquirió una finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad bajo el folio real matrícula [...], localizada en el distrito [...], cantón [...], provincia de Puntarenas. Dicha propiedad se encuentra en una zona de alta fragilidad ambiental, colindante con el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), administrada por el SINAC.\n2. Desde el año 2015, el suscrito ha venido realizando gestiones administrativas ante las autoridades del MINAE y del SINAC, solicitando la delimitación y demarcación física de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre (ZMT) y de la zona boscosa que atraviesa su propiedad, con el fin de establecer con certeza las áreas de protección y las áreas de uso permitido dentro de su finca, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal Nº 7575.\n3. En reiteradas ocasiones, mediante notas escritas y comparecencias personales, el suscrito ha solicitado al MINAE y al SINAC que emitan los criterios técnicos y las resoluciones administrativas necesarias para la correcta aplicación del \"Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Terrenos en Áreas de Protección Especial\", así como para la determinación de las áreas susceptibles de ser sometidas al Programa de \"Pago de Servicios Ambientales\" (PSA), específicamente en la modalidad de Protección de Bosque, conforme al Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 25721-MINAE y sus reformas.\n4. Los funcionarios denunciados, a pesar de tener la obligación legal y reglamentaria de resolver las gestiones presentadas en un plazo razonable y de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, han omitido de manera reiterada y sistemática emitir pronunciamiento alguno. Esta omisión se ha mantenido por más de ocho años, paralizando el desarrollo de cualquier actividad lícita en la propiedad del denunciante y causándole graves perjuicios económicos y morales.\n5. Se ha podido constatar, mediante el estudio de expedientes administrativos relacionados y por información de público conocimiento, que los jerarcas denunciados han emitido resoluciones y otorgado autorizaciones para proyectos de desarrollo inmobiliario y turístico de gran envergadura en la misma zona de ACOSA, a favor de sociedades anónimas con evidentes conexiones políticas, sin cumplir con los mismos requisitos técnicos y legales que se le exigen al suscrito, consistiendo dicha conducta en un trato discriminatorio y arbitrario.\n6. Específicamente, se tiene conocimiento de que el MINAE y el SINAC autorizaron el cambio de uso del suelo y la viabilidad ambiental para el megaproyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\", tramitado bajo el expediente administrativo Nº D1-12345-2020-SETENA, en una propiedad colindante a la del suscrito. En dicho proyecto, se permitió la realización de un movimiento de tierras de gran magnitud, la tala de especies arbóreas protegidas y la construcción de obras de infraestructura que afectan directamente la cobertura boscosa y el espejo de agua de una naciente que sirve como fuente de abastecimiento para todas las propiedades aledañas, incluida la del denunciante. Esta autorización se otorgó a pesar de que dicha naciente no contaba con la servidumbre ecológica correspondiente y no se respetaba el área de irreductibilidad establecida en el Art. 33 de la Ley Forestal.\n7. La conducta omisiva y, posteriormente, la emisión de actos administrativos manifiestamente contrarios a la ley para favorecer a terceros, configura, a juicio del suscrito, una clara violación a los deberes de probidad, imparcialidad y legalidad que deben regir la función pública, tipificando los delitos denunciados.\n\n**II. FUNDAMENTO LEGAL**\n\n1. **Sobre el Delito de Prevaricato (Artículo 349 del Código Penal):** La conducta de los denunciados consistente en dictar resoluciones contrarias a la ley, como la autorización del proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\" sin el cumplimiento de los requisitos de la Ley Forestal, el Reglamento de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre y sin una evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) rigurosa que considerara la afectación a la naciente y al bosque, se subsume perfectamente en el tipo penal de prevaricato. El conocimiento de la ilegalidad de sus actos se deriva de su investidura y competencia técnica como rectores de la materia ambiental.\n2. **Sobre el Delito de Incumplimiento de Deberes (Artículo 338 del Código Penal):** La omisión reiterada de resolver las gestiones del suscrito por un período de ocho años, sin que medie justificación legal alguna, representa un incumplimiento flagrante de los deberes propios de su cargo, establecidos en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y la Ley de Biodiversidad. Esta omisión ha causado un daño directo al denunciante, quien se ha visto imposibilitado de ejercer su derecho de propiedad y desarrollar cualquier proyecto productivo lícito en su finca.\n3. **Sobre la Prueba:** Se solicita que se requiera al MINAE y al SINAC la remisión de copia certificada de los siguientes expedientes administrativos:\n * Expediente de gestión del suscrito, iniciado en 2015.\n * Expediente Nº D1-12345-2020-SETENA, correspondiente al proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\".\n * Todos los criterios técnicos, informes de inspección y resoluciones emitidas por el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) en relación con ambas propiedades.\n * Se ofrece como prueba testimonial el dicho de los vecinos de la zona, quienes pueden dar fe de la paralización de las actividades en la finca del denunciante y del desarrollo del proyecto colindante. Asimismo, se aporta un peritaje técnico privado elaborado por el Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería (INII) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), que demuestra la afectación al régimen hídrico de la naciente y la pérdida de cobertura boscosa en la propiedad del proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\".\n\n**III. PETITORIA**\n\nCon base en lo expuesto, solicito respetuosamente:\n\n1. Admitir la presente denuncia penal contra el señor Ministro de Ambiente y Energía y el señor Director Ejecutivo del SINAC.\n2. Ordenar las diligencias de investigación necesarias para la comprobación de los hechos denunciados, incluyendo la solicitud y análisis de los expedientes administrativos señalados y la recepción de la prueba testimonial y pericial ofrecida.\n3. Determinar la existencia de responsabilidad penal de los denunciados por los delitos de Prevaricato e Incumplimiento de Deberes, y dictar la resolución correspondiente conforme a derecho.\n\n* **Nombre de la Naciente:** Quebrada El Cajón\n* **Coordenadas del punto de aforo (CRTM05):**\n\n| Coordenada | Valor |\n| :--- | :--- |\n| Este | 523456 |\n| Norte | 987654 |\n\n* **Descripción del Área Afectada:** La evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) presentada para el proyecto omitió el análisis de los siguientes componentes:\n\n| Componente | Omisión Verificada |\n| :--- | :--- |\n| Afectación a nacientes | No se realizó aforo ni estudio de balance hídrico. |\n| Inventario forestal | Se registraron únicamente 15 especies de bajo valor ecológico, omitiendo las especies catalogadas en el Anexo 1 del Decreto Nº 25721-MINAE. |\n| Movimiento de tierras | Se autorizó un terraceo no contemplado en el plan regulador. |\n\nLos índices de fragmentación y alteración del paisaje natural en Costa Rica son considerables y se acentúan con el paso del tiempo. Lo anterior, aunado a los reportes mundiales que cada día son más alarmantes sobre el calentamiento global, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la degradación de los recursos naturales, crea la urgente necesidad de dirigir los esfuerzos del país hacia la conservación, el mantenimiento y la recuperación de la conectividad estructural y funcional de los ecosistemas naturales a escala nacional y regional. El Programa “Corredores Biológicos” se plantea como una estrategia de conservación activa para asegurar la conectividad de los ecosistemas y, por lo tanto, el flujo genético entre las poblaciones de especies, principalmente las silvestres, para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y la protección de los procesos ecológicos que sustentan la vida en el planeta. En Costa Rica, el establecimiento de corredores biológicos se sustenta en el artículo 8 de la Ley de Biodiversidad (Ley 7788), del 30 de abril de 1998, que indica: \"Las áreas protegidas, conjuntamente con otras modalidades de conservación y manejo de la biodiversidad, constituirán una red nacional de áreas silvestres protegidas. Su propósito será conservar y preservar muestras representativas de los ecosistemas, poblaciones viables de especies, la diversidad genética y los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos. Corresponde a la Administración Forestal del Estado (AFE), por medio del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), establecer los lineamientos y mecanismos para la coordinación y funcionamiento de esta red.\"\n\nA nivel de paisaje, los corredores biológicos se definen como un espacio geográfico delimitado que proporciona conectividad entre paisajes, ecosistemas y hábitats, naturales o modificados, y asegura el mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica y los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos. La figura 1 muestra la distribución de los 44 corredores biológicos oficialmente establecidos en Costa Rica hasta el año 2018 (según el Decreto Ejecutivo 40043-MINAE). Estos abarcan aproximadamente el 38% de la superficie continental del país, lo que refleja la importancia y la magnitud de este esfuerzo de conservación. No obstante, la gestión efectiva de estos corredores biológicos enfrenta múltiples desafíos, entre los que destacan los cambios en el uso del suelo (land-use change) que pueden fragmentar o degradar los hábitats dentro de sus límites. Las actividades humanas como la expansión agrícola, la urbanización no planificada y el desarrollo de infraestructura vial, entre otras, ejercen una presión constante sobre la conectividad ecológica que se pretende mantener o restaurar. Por lo tanto, el monitoreo de los indicadores de paisaje, como la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), la densidad de bordes y la permeabilidad del terreno, se convierte en una tarea fundamental para evaluar la funcionalidad de estos espacios y orientar las acciones de manejo adaptativo.\n\nEl Comité de Gestión de cada corredor biológico, con el apoyo técnico del SINAC y otras organizaciones, es el encargado de elaborar e implementar su respectivo plan de gestión. Este plan debe incluir un diagnóstico del estado actual del corredor, la identificación de las principales amenazas a la conectividad, la definición de metas de conservación a corto, mediano y largo plazo, y un programa de monitoreo de la efectividad de las acciones implementadas, enmarcado dentro de la estructura programática del SINAC. El establecimiento de corredores biológicos no implica un cambio en el régimen de propiedad de la tierra. Por el contrario, su gestión se fundamenta en la participación voluntaria de los propietarios privados, las comunidades locales, las instituciones gubernamentales y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, quienes coordinan acciones para promover usos de la tierra compatibles con la conservación de la biodiversidad y la conectividad ecológica. Instrumentos como el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) se convierten en aliados estratégicos para incentivar la protección y recuperación de la cobertura forestal (forest cover) en áreas prioritarias para la conectividad dentro de estos corredores.\n\n| Nombre del Corredor Biológico | Área de Conservación | Extensión (ha) |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| Corredor Biológico Paso del Mono Aullador | ACOSA | 8,756.50 |\n| Corredor Biológico Península de Nicoya | ACT | 99,990.24 |\n| Corredor Biológico Tenorio-Miravalles | ACA-T | 75,640.97 |\n| Corredor Biológico Rincón Cacao | ACAT | 38,237.15 |\n| Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva | ACHN | 610,109.04 |\n\nLa consolidación de la red de corredores biológicos costarricense demanda la integración de estos espacios en los instrumentos de planificación territorial y de ordenamiento del uso del suelo a nivel local. Específicamente, los planes reguladores cantonales, cuyo contenido se define en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y Urbanizaciones (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MIVAH-MOPT), deberían incorporar las delimitaciones de estos corredores y las pautas de manejo establecidas en sus planes de gestión, como zonas de protección o de uso restringido. Asimismo, la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA), regulada por la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (Ley 7554) y su reglamento (Decreto N° 31849-MINAE), es un mecanismo fundamental para prevenir y mitigar los impactos negativos de nuevos proyectos, obras o actividades sobre la conectividad de los corredores biológicos, estableciendo medidas correctivas que se traducen en compromisos ambientales de acatamiento obligatorio. La efectividad de estas medidas depende en gran medida del rigor con el que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) analiza los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental y da seguimiento a su cumplimiento.\n\nVoto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber is of significant relevance and must serve as a parameter for the State's actions and the interpretation of environmental regulations, even beyond the specific case, by establishing that the protection of the environment must prevail.\n\n\nEl transcrito que se incluye como anexo a la directriz del Ministro Rector del Sector Ambiente y Energía, incluida en el expediente de la solicitud de PSA, demuestra que la Municipalidad de Acosta, con fecha 23 de abril de 2004, emitió un certificado de uso del suelo conforme para la actividad forestal con pago de servicios ambientales (PSA) en las propiedades inscritas en el Registro Público bajo el sistema de folio real matrícula números 94519, 94520, 94521, 94522, 152198 y 95939, todas situadas en el distrito 3°, Sabanillas, cantón 2°, Acosta, de la provincia de San José. Se observa que entre los folios reales se mencionan los números 94519, 94520, 94521, 94522, 95939 y 152198, todos a nombre del señor Carlos Roberto González Cortés. Manifiesta que la propiedad no cuenta con plano catastrado, por lo que se desconocen los linderos exactos del inmueble y que se dará prioridad a los anteriores criterios técnicos por sobre el criterio registral. El citado certificado de uso del suelo es del año 2004, lo que da cuenta de que, al momento de su emisión, el Plan Regulador de Acosta no había entrado en vigencia, ya que este data del año 2005. En razón de lo anterior, se infiere que de acuerdo a la legislación forestal, la finca ha mantenido una actividad forestal a lo largo de los años, no solo de manera previa a la emisión del certificado de uso del suelo, sino también posteriormente. Aunado a ello, mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, que conoció una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra varios artículos del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y que se alega violentaban los artículos 45, 46 y 50 constitucionales, relacionados con el derecho a la propiedad privada, al consumidor y a un medio ambiente sano, entre otros, se declaró sin lugar la acción y se avaló la legalidad del Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, así como del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).\n\nSala Segunda de la Corte Suprema de Justicia\n\nDepartment of Environmental and Land Registry Law\n\nJudge in charge of the matter: Damaris Vargas Vásquez\n\n---\n\nSecond Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes of December the sixteenth, two thousand and ten.\n\nAMPARO appeal filed by [Name 001], of legal age, bearer of identity card number 0-000-000, against the CARTAGO AGRARIAN COURT.\n\n---\n\n**Considering**\n\n**I.-** The petitioner states, in summary, that he filed an ordinary agricultural action against the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT) for the presumed existence of an agricultural lease, which was heard under case number 05-000066-0368-AG - 2 of the Cartago Agrarian Court. He states that he filed a preliminary plea of lack of competence and jurisdiction, which was rejected by means of a ruling delivered at 3:30 p.m. on September 9, 2005, and was then appealed. He challenges that the Chamber of Cassation took almost three years to resolve the challenge filed, violating the constitutional right of prompt and complete justice. He requests that the appeal be granted, with a declaration that his constitutional rights have been violated.\n\n**II.-** Under oath, **Damaris Barrantes Barrantes**, in her capacity as Legal Coordinator of the Agrarian Chamber, rendered the report, stating that: the preliminary plea of lack of jurisdiction filed was resolved by this Chamber at 9:10 a.m. on May 16, 2008; this ruling was notified on July 23 and 24, 2008; the file was sent to the court of origin on August 7, 2008. The reasons why the matter could not be resolved earlier have to do with the fact that, historically, this Chamber has had a very high volume of cases, a situation that worsened in 2007 with the implementation of the Agrarian Procedure Code, which allowed challenges against a greater number of resolutions. From March 2004 to February 2005, the Chamber was composed of only three members instead of the usual five, and the case was assigned to a judge in March 2006, that is, a year after its entry into this Chamber, because on that date the oldest pending matter was assigned. The official remarks that in the specific case, no delay affecting fundamental rights is evident, since the process has continued normally, with the trial set for August 23, 2010, a date on which it was suspended due to a challenge against the judge. Finally, she states that in the specific case, and given the particularly special and sensible characteristics of agrarian proceedings, which must be substantiated through an oral hearing, the resolution within three years cannot be considered excessive, given the volume of cases that this Chamber has, which is well known to the legal community and citizens in general.\n\n**III.-** The following precedents are duly accredited and have been examined for the resolution of this amparo: a) The petitioner filed an ordinary agricultural action against the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), which was assigned case number 05-000066-0368-AG - 2 of the Cartago Agrarian Court, and in which he filed a challenge against the judge, after the preliminary hearing was held (recorded in the compact disc at folio 552). b) Initially, in a ruling delivered at 3:30 p.m. on September 9, 2005, the Cartago Agrarian Court rejected the preliminary plea of lack of jurisdiction and/or competence, a ruling that was appealed (folios 510-511); this challenge was resolved by the Agrarian Chamber, with the vote being delivered at 9:10 a.m. on May 16, 2008, and notification was made on July 23 and 24, 2008 (folios 691-692 and 699). The petitioner filed an appeal for clarification and addition, which was rejected by the Agrarian Chamber at 7:56 a.m. on August 18, 2008, and notified on August 25 of that same year (folios 518-520). c) The file was sent to the court of origin on August 7, 2008. d) The Agrarian Chamber is currently composed of five proprietary judges, and at the time of entry of the challenge resolved by this Chamber, the number of pending cases exceeded 1200, including challenges resolved by this jurisdictional body.\n\n**IV.-** In the opinion of this Chamber, the appeal should be granted, for the following reasons. Article 27 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction states: \"The right to a resolution that complies with the terms provided for by law is an integral part of fundamental rights.\" The appellant's grievance is limited to the delay in resolving the challenge he filed against the ruling that rejected the preliminary plea of lack of competence and jurisdiction, which, as certified in the case file, was filed in September 2005 and resolved in May 2008, that is, almost three years later. The Agrarian Chamber states that the delay is due to the high volume of cases pending before it, a circumstance that is well known to the legal community and individuals in general. The foregoing does not justify a delay of nearly three years to resolve a challenge, which should be processed immediately, as it refers to a procedural matter, and furthermore, it does not require complex evidentiary activity or a long period for its resolution. The justification given regarding the volume of cases cannot be invoked in support of the violation of a fundamental right, but rather constitutes an acknowledgment of the unjustified delay that must be ordered to be corrected. Additionally, as of the date of this vote, the file is at the Cartago Agrarian Court, and a hearing was held that had to be suspended as a result of a recusal filed against the judge, which is currently being processed. Consequently, the delay having been accredited, what is appropriate is to order the Agrarian Chamber to adopt the necessary measures to resolve challenges, such as the one indicated in this matter, without unjustified delays, a warning that is hereby made to the presiding judge and the members of that jurisdictional body, in accordance with Article 51 of the aforementioned law. As to compensation, the petitioner must seek it in the ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding.\n\n**Therefore**\n\nThe appeal is granted. The delay incurred by the Agrarian Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice in resolving the challenge filed in the agrarian process is condemned. The presiding judge of the Agrarian Chamber, or whoever acts in her stead, is ordered to adopt the necessary measures to resolve challenges, in cases such as the one under examination, without unjustified delays, a warning that is hereby made to the members of that Chamber. As to compensation, the petitioner must seek it in the ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding. \n\nMagistrados Vargas Vásquez, Hernández López, Porras León, Chinchilla Sandí and Aguirre Gómez.\n\nConsiderando III. — Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, establece en su Artículo 19 que las áreas de reserva forestal son de interés público y su manejo debe regirse por los principios de sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales, y que la Sala Constitucional, mediante Voto 4654-2003, ha reconocido la importancia de la protección de dichas áreas como instrumento para la conservación del bosque y la biodiversidad. Que en el expediente administrativo consta el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA) elaborado por la empresa Desarrollos Inmobiliarios del Pacífico S.A., así como el Plan de Gestión Ambiental (PGA) presentado ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) para el proyecto \"Condominio Residencial Bosques del Pacífico\", ubicado en el cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas, el cual contempla una serie de obras de infraestructura, incluyendo movimientos de tierra, apertura de viales y construcción de plataformas para viviendas, dentro de un área que presenta cobertura boscosa y nacientes de agua, lo que conlleva un cambio de uso del suelo. Que el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), emitió el informe técnico N° OS-AC-075-2022, en el cual se señala que el proyecto se traslapa parcialmente con la Zona Protectora El Rodeo, y que se requiere la obtención de las servidumbres ecológicas y de protección de cauces correspondientes, así como el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento para el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).\n\n| Coordenada X | Coordenada Y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 304500.85 | 1120500.42 |\n| 304620.18 | 1120420.67 |\n| 304580.23 | 1120488.15 |\n| 304700.56 | 1120390.82 |\n\nPor tanto, conforme al análisis técnico y jurídico realizado, esta Secretaría resuelve aprobar el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del proyecto, condicionado al cumplimiento de las siguientes medidas de mitigación y compensación ambiental, las cuales deberán ser implementadas de manera previa al inicio de los earthworks (movimientos de tierra) autorizados: la preservación de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) en las áreas identificadas como de alta fragilidad ambiental, la protección absoluta de las springs (nacientes) existentes mediante el establecimiento de una easement (servidumbre) de protección de cauces de quince metros a cada lado, la implementación de un programa de reforestación con especies nativas en las áreas de compensación, y la garantía de la lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de las áreas de protección establecidas. Asimismo, se instruye al desarrollador para que, previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental, obtenga la aprobación del SINAC y el aval del INVU en lo concerniente al cumplimiento del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento.\n\nConsiderando:\n\nI.—Que mediante Ley 7575 del 13 de febrero de 1996, publicada en La Gaceta N° 68 del 16 de abril de 1996, se aprobó el Contrato de Préstamo N° 3885-CR, suscrito entre el Gobierno de la República de Costa Rica y el Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF), para financiar el Proyecto de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Zona Fronteriza Costa Rica-Panamá, en el cual se estableció la necesidad de fortalecer la capacidad institucional para la gestión ambiental en la zona del proyecto, incluyendo la realización de estudios de impacto ambiental (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA).\n\nII.—Que el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 del 23 de octubre de 1996, publicado en La Gaceta N° 215 del 11 de noviembre de 1996, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), establece en su Artículo 19 la obligación de presentar un estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) para los proyectos de fraccionamiento (subdivisión) y urbanización que se desarrollen en áreas con cobertura boscosa (forest cover) o que impliquen cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change).\n\nIII.—Que mediante oficio N° 123-98-SETENA de fecha 15 de enero de 1998, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) otorgó la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\", expediente administrativo N° 052-98, presentado por el señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, cédula de identidad N° 0-000-000, en su condición de propietario de la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, Partido de Alajuela, matrícula de folio real N° 123456-000, ubicada en el distrito de San Ramón, cantón de San Ramón, provincia de Alajuela, con un área de 50 hectáreas, de las cuales 20 hectáreas corresponden a cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nIV.—Que mediante oficio N° 456-2000-SETENA de fecha 20 de marzo de 2000, la SETENA, con base en el informe de regencia ambiental N° 001-2000, presentado por el regente ambiental designado, Ing. Luis Alberto González Pérez, carné N° 123, determinó el incumplimiento de las medidas ambientales establecidas en la resolución de viabilidad ambiental N° 123-98-SETENA, específicamente en lo referente a la protección de las nacientes (springs) y la zona de protección de cauces, así como la ejecución no autorizada de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) en áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nV.—Que mediante resolución N° 789-2000-SETENA de fecha 10 de mayo de 2000, la SETENA declaró la caducidad de la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\" y ordenó la suspensión inmediata de las obras, así como la implementación de un plan de restauración ambiental en las áreas afectadas por los movimientos de tierra (earthworks) no autorizados y la tala de cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nVI.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho de todo habitante a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, y el artículo 89 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, faculta a la SETENA para ordenar la suspensión de actividades que causen daño ambiental y para exigir la reparación de los daños causados.\n\nVII.—Que mediante informe técnico N° 012-2001-SETENA de fecha 5 de febrero de 2001, se constató que el desarrollador, Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, continuó con los trabajos de construcción y movimientos de tierra (earthworks) a pesar de la orden de suspensión, causando afectación a las nacientes (springs) ubicadas dentro de la propiedad, así como a los terrenos colindantes, y obstaculizando el libre escurrimiento de las aguas, lo que ha provocado erosión y sedimentación en el cauce del río Barranca.\n\nVIII.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, se ha reiterado la obligación del Estado de garantizar la protección de los mantos acuíferos, zonas de recarga y nacientes (springs), como parte del derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano, consagrado en el artículo 50 constitucional.\n\nPor tanto:\n\nCon fundamento en las consideraciones expuestas, en los artículos 50 y 129 de la Constitución Política, los artículos 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 89, 98, 99 y 105 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, la Ley Forestal N° 7575, el Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) contenido en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y Urbanización, esta Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental resuelve:\n\n1. Declarar la caducidad definitiva de la viabilidad ambiental otorgada mediante resolución N° 123-98-SETENA para el proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\".\n\n2. Ordenar al señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, en su condición de desarrollador y propietario registral de la finca matrícula de folio real N° 123456-000, la paralización inmediata y definitiva de todas las obras, movimientos de tierra (earthworks), y cualquier otra actividad constructiva o de cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en la totalidad de la propiedad.\n\n3. Ordenar al desarrollador la presentación, en un plazo máximo de 60 días naturales contados a partir de la notificación de la presente resolución, de un Plan de Restauración Ambiental detallado, elaborado por un profesional competente, que contemple, entre otras, las siguientes medidas:\n - Reforestación de las áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) afectadas, utilizando especies nativas.\n - Estabilización de taludes y control de erosión en las áreas de movimientos de tierra (earthworks).\n - Recuperación de las nacientes (springs) afectadas, incluyendo la remoción de obstrucciones y la protección de sus zonas de recarga.\n - Restauración de la topografía original en la medida de lo posible.\n\n4. Imponer al señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez una multa de cincuenta salarios base, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 99 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, por el incumplimiento de las medidas ambientales y la ejecución de actividades no autorizadas. Dicha multa deberá ser cancelada mediante depósito en la cuenta N° 123456-7 del Banco Nacional de Costa Rica a nombre de la SETENA, en el plazo de 30 días hábiles.\n\n5. Remitir certificación de la presente resolución a la Municipalidad de San Ramón, al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA), y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), para lo de su competencia.\n\n6. Advertir al desarrollador que el incumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la presente resolución facultará a la SETENA para interponer la denuncia penal correspondiente por el delito de desobediencia a la autoridad, tipificado en el artículo 307 del Código Penal, así como por los daños ambientales causados, de conformidad con la legislación ambiental vigente.\n\n7. Publicar la presente resolución en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 105 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.\n\nThe report clarifies that the study was carried out based on a cadastral assembly, orthorectified aerial photography of the street and the lands facing that public road, as well as a topographic survey and photographic record, according to a field visit conducted on April 25, 2023.\n\nNow, with regard to the road infrastructure at issue in this matter, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), the report reveals that **on the first segment (avenida 055A)**, based on the topographical survey and the field visit (accompanied by photographs), “...there are no true conformed sidewalks, as they exist only in short segments, however, these do not meet minimum sidewalk guidelines…”, in addition to the presence of electrical infrastructure (poles and others) and stormwater infrastructure that interrupt pedestrian passage; likewise, it states that “...small segments of curb and gutter (cordón de caño) are observed on the south side, however, said infrastructure is not functional, as it is not continuous, causing part of the water that runs off the roadway to seep into the properties...”. On the **second segment (calle 014)**, the report points out that “...there are conformed sidewalks of variable width, the narrowest being approximately 0.77m, at other points 1.20 m and up to 1.5 m...” however, “...on the east side the existing sidewalks are reduced until they disappear, since at the junction with AV. 051 A there is a catch basin where another ditch discharges...”, likewise, it is stated that at said intersection the sidewalks “...are narrow on some fronts or are unbuilt as observed on part of the west side of the street...”. Regarding the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), the opinion specifies that “...curb and gutter (cordón de caño) is observed on both sides...”. On the **third segment (avenida 051)**, the report reveals several important situations. First, on the north side of the road, beginning at the junction with calle 014, there is no sidewalk “...due to the appearance of a catch basin and a ditch. / 2.3.5.5 Said ditch extends along the north side of AV.051 until reaching a small network of catch basins in front of the Santa Ana Special Education Center, where a space of conformed sidewalk again appears; the only one existing in the segment in question, which is privately owned...”. After this space, it is indicated that the sidewalk disappears again “...giving way to another ditch that collects water from the avenue in question...”. Regarding the south side, the report details that “...no sidewalk infrastructure is appreciated, as the edge of the street and the existing property line on site are almost coincident...”. Finally, the report adds “...At both the beginning and the end of avenida 051 there are no sidewalks or curb and gutter (cordón de caño), a ditch does exist in part, there are shrubs growing on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) as observed...”. Lastly, regarding encroachments on the right-of-way (derecho de vía), which is one of the claimed omissions, the report indicates that **the three indicated segments** “...do[es] not show apparent encroachments by walls or fences on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) according to the property lines...”, however, it does point out the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way (derecho de vía). It is worth noting that in one of the conclusions of this technical opinion, the responsible officials determine that “...with the current configuration of the road right-of-way, there is no space for the construction of sidewalks...”. Finally, this technical report recommends “...the elaboration of a new comprehensive design for the road right-of-way that includes sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón y caño) on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing road right-of-way defined by the property lines formed on site and the already existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outlets)…”. In summary, we can gather from this report and from the other evidence brought into the judicial file, that there is indeed a lack of or deficient road infrastructure along the stretch that is the subject of the claim, which endangers the life and physical integrity of pedestrians who travel there, a fact of which the Municipality has absolute knowledge. Therefore, this Court observes that there is a factual basis in the cause of action, as well as in the acquiescence petition made by the Municipality, so it can be ruled out from now that this represents a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, leaving it to be determined whether we are effectively facing an omissive conduct incurred by the Local Government and therefore, if there is a Right that justifies the acquiescence made by the Municipal Administration. -\n\n**VII.- THE CONTROL OF ILLEGITIMATE ADMINISTRATIVE INACTIVITY.** – At the heart of this matter, the aim is -in summary- to declare that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached public duties related to the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the recovery of public spaces that the plaintiff claims have been invaded by the neighbors of Calle Cubilla and, consequently, to impose on the Municipality the obligation both to carry out those works and to recover the public areas that, it alleges, were invaded. However, even though the Municipality has acquiesced to those claims, this does not automatically mean an upholding judgment, since, as we explained previously, it must be determined that what is petitioned in the lawsuit does not involve an infringement of the legal system (Art. 114.4 CPCA). Thus, since an omissive conduct is being challenged, it is necessary, first, to understand the scope of judicial control over these forms of administrative dysfunction.\n\nWe begin by stating that the principle of legality (principio de legalidad), as the ultimate foundation of administrative conduct in a Democratic Rule-of-Law State, in its dual aspect, positive and negative, holds that the ultimate authorization for the operation of public entities is grounded in the legal system, such that it may only carry out those conducts authorized in the normative system, either because its action or inaction is restricted to specific conditioned scenarios (negative legality), or because it is empowered to achieve public policy objectives through generic measures, insofar as these are reasonable and proportionate for achieving those purposes (positive legality). Thus, we speak of administrative inaction (inactividad administrativa), in those scenarios where Public Administrations remain passive and immobile, that is, they omit to issue acts (formal inaction, inactividad formal) or to perform legal acts (material inaction, inactividad material). This lack of action, by itself, is not contrary to Law, since it can be due to hypotheses where there is no normative authorization or because the legal system imposes a duty of abstention. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate inaction (inactividad legítima e ilegítima), which will ultimately depend on whether the institutional inertia is in conformity or not with the legal system. In summary, we are facing a case of formal or material inaction, of an unlawful (ilícito) nature, insofar as a public entity or body breaches a pre-existing legal mandate that imposes a duty or an obligation to act, whether by issuing a formal act or performing a material conduct. This Section, in judgment No. 33-2018-VI at 3:00 p.m. on March 15, 2018, explained in depth the cases of illegitimate inaction, in the following terms:-\n\n\"…Fourth: In development of what has been stated, regarding the analysis or control of omission conduct, it is necessary to distinguish the diversity of scenarios in which it can occur. Concerning formal inaction or formal omission conduct, it refers to the lack of a declaration of will, judgment, or knowledge on the occasion of a procedure filed by an administered party, with the consequent absence of the exercise of a public competence or power, regarding a singular legal situation. Thus, it can occur due to the non-initiation of the administrative procedure, the non-processing or instruction of a procedure, or its non-resolution, which can generate expiration or the failure to issue the final or definitive act, which in turn would generate negative silence (presumed act). But formal omission also includes the failure to comply with the obligation imposed by the legal system to issue regulatory provisions, when there is a constitutional or legal provision in this regard; as well as conventional formal inaction, referring to the non-signing of bilateral or plurilateral contracts, thereby affecting the public interest or that of concessionaires, and finally, inaction in the exercise of procedural actions belonging to the Administration, that is, when the Administration does not file the processes and claims it can bring, in protection of public goods and interests, such as the scenario where the public entity in charge of the administration of a specific public domain asset does not file the corresponding procedural action against a situation of threat or risk over it. For its part, material inaction refers to the omission by public administrations to carry out some technical or material activity of external significance, which includes the exercise of public functions or powers (such as, for example, those referring to control, oversight, or security actions; or actions in the protection and safeguarding of the environment and health of the administered parties), the execution of favorable administrative acts, or the provision of due public services.\n\n[...] Fifth: Logically, since this involves the legality control of this form of administrative function—that is, the omission—once the alleged omission has been verified, that is, the failure to carry out the conduct (formal or material) imposed by the legal system (in the sense explained above, that is, based on the block of legality or juridicity), the immediate consequence is the condemnation of the Administration to do or fulfill the omitted conduct, in accordance with the provision of subparagraph g) of Article 122 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure...\" (Emphasis not in the original).\n\nIn contrast to the foregoing, any administrative inactivity, whether material or formal, shall be considered legitimate which, on the one hand, does not have as a conditioning antecedent the disregard of a pre-existing legal duty or obligation, or, is the result of the imposition of a legal duty of abstention on a specific Public Administration (Arts. 42.2.j and 122.j CPCA). Thus, in order to determine whether or not the acquiescence (allanamiento) is appropriate, we must first analyze whether, in the sub examine case, we are facing an illegitimate administrative inactivity in the terms set forth above, and therefore, whether a duty to do must or must not be imposed upon the defendant local Corporation, as requested by Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana. -\n\nVIII.- REGARDING THE DUTY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CANTONAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE.- Based on several regulatory bodies, among which we can cite the Construction Law, Decree-Law No. 833 of November 2, 1949, the General Law of Public Roads, Law No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, the Law for Tax Simplification and Efficiency, Law No. 8114 of July 4, 2001, the Law of Transit on Public Land Routes and Road Safety, Law No. 9078 of October 4, 2012, the Special Law for the Transfer of Competencies: Full and Exclusive Attention of the Cantonal Road Network, Law No. 9329 of October 15, 2015, the Law on Efficiency in the Construction, Maintenance and Improvement of the Cantonal and National Road Network, Law No. 9789 of December 9, 2019, and the Pedestrian Mobility Law, Law No. 9976 of April 6, 2021 -to name a few-, we affirm that the country's public land routes correspond to a category of dominical goods intended to guarantee the free transit of people throughout the national territory, allowing access and communication between the different populations of the country. The set of streets, roads, and highways that make up these public routes is called the \"Road Network\", which is classified as national or cantonal depending on the public entity responsible for its administration. In accordance with Articles 1 of Law No. 5060, 5 of Law No. 8114, 2 subsection 96) of Law 9078, as well as 1 and 2 of Law No. 9329, the power of administration of the country's cantonal road network corresponds to the Municipalities, according to their territorial competence in the geographic area where those public routes are located, a faculty that encompasses the competencies of \"...planning, programming, designing, administering, financing, executing and controlling their construction, conservation, signaling, demarcation, rehabilitation, reinforcement, reconstruction, concession and operation...\". In accordance with those same regulatory bodies, every public route, whether part of the national or cantonal network, consists of two basic elements: the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and the road infrastructure. According to subsection 43 of Law 9078, the former corresponds to the \"...right that falls on a strip of land of demanial nature and is intended for the construction of road works for the circulation of vehicles or the transit of persons, or other works related to safety, ornamentation, road nomenclature, informative advertising of services, tourist activities and destinations, as well as for the installation of public transport vehicle stops or bus shelters...\". The other component, road infrastructure, refers to the works or constructive elements that are erected for the purpose of enabling, facilitating, and guiding the transit of persons, whether pedestrian or by means of transportation systems.\n\nIn that sense, we have the road infrastructure proper, namely, streets, roads, highways, bikeways (ciclovías), pedestrian paths (vías peatonales), etc.; and the complementary infrastructure, that is, those works intended to guarantee safety, sustainability, and inclusivity in the transit and transport of people and goods. In this regard and as it pertains to this matter, Articles 2 of Law No. 9329 and 5 of Law No. 8114 define that the **cantonal road network (red vial cantonal)** is composed of\n\n\"...all roads and streets under the administration of local governments, inventoried and georeferenced as cantonal routes by them, and which are recorded in the official records of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, MOPT), as well as all complementary infrastructure, provided it is on public domain land and meets legal requirements.\n\nLikewise, sidewalks (aceras), bikeways (ciclovías), crossings, pedestrian routes, green and ornamental areas, which are within the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and other road safety infrastructure elements intertwined with local streets and cantonal roads, vertical and horizontal signaling, bridges and other drainage and retention structures and geotechnical or other works associated with the roads shall be considered part of the cantonal road network...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nNow then, we must bear in mind that in this case, Mr. Vargas Roldán criticizes an administrative inactivity in relation to three components of public roads: the sidewalks (aceras), the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the right-of-way (derecho de vía) as such, the latter because alleged encroachments committed by the residents of Calle Cubilla are claimed, which have not been prevented or recovered by the Municipality, while in the first two, what he claims is the absence or lack of those infrastructures. As for the road infrastructure components, these are, the sidewalks (aceras) and the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), by being included within the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) whose administration corresponds to the local Government, entails -as we saw supra- the powers concerning their proper construction and conservation, so that indeed, a pre-existing legal duty does fall upon them, and therefore the absence of those infrastructures would constitute an illegitimate (material) inactivity. It is worth adding, moreover, that in the particular case of sidewalks (aceras), this Chamber has already ruled on the existence of a legal duty of local Governments in their attention and conservation, specifically, judgment No. 026-2021-VI of 09:00 hours on March 11, 2021. On that occasion, we indicated that Article 84 of the Municipal Code stipulated that the Municipalities must carry out the construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation of sidewalks (aceras) in the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) that falls within their territorial jurisdiction, in the following terms:\n\n\"...in the Tribunal's opinion, there is indeed a pre-existing legal obligation imposed on Municipalities not only to monitor and supervise that property owners fulfill the different obligations set forth regarding the construction and maintenance of sidewalks (aceras); but also so that, as a last resort, they must substitute for them in the execution of said works, when there is inaction on the part of the owner or possessor. This obligation is expressly set forth in Article 84 ibidem and its purpose is oriented, in general, to promote the right to safe, accessible, and inclusive pedestrian mobility, comprehensively in all physical environments and, in particular, so that cantonal public roads comply with the required conditions of safety, ornamentation, comfort, and accessibility, both for the residents of the canton and for its visitors. The existence of that obligation is so clear that Article 84 ibidem itself indicates that if the municipality does not remedy the property owner's inaction and, therefore, does not build the sidewalks (aceras) and as a consequence of that omission causes damage to the health, physical integrity, or property of third parties, the negligent municipal official shall be liable, jointly with the owner or possessor of the property, for the damages caused. It is clear that, in accordance with the cited legal norm, when the Municipality must fulfill the referenced obligation and carries out the works on its own due to the inaction of the primarily obligated party, it has the power to charge the respective cost to the negligent person, prior compliance with due process...\"\n\nThis legal duty and therefore, the inactivity incurred by Municipalities due to the lack of sidewalks (aceras) that guarantee pedestrian traffic safety, has been recognized by extensive constitutional jurisprudence, and even by the First Chamber itself (judgment No. 1015-F-S1-2022 of 09:36 hours on May 12, 2022), to which is added the issuance of the aforementioned Pedestrian Mobility Law, which expressly assigns the authority to local Governments for\n\n\"...the management of sidewalks (aceras) in the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal), which includes the design, the construction, the conservation, the signaling, the demarcation, the rehabilitation, the reinforcement, the reconstruction, the concession, and the operation of this space, which includes both the sidewalks (aceras) themselves as well as all the elements of the pedestrian infrastructures necessary to ensure inclusive mobility, such as green infrastructure, lighting, and other elements, and considering the accessibility criteria contemplated by Law 7600, Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, of May 2, 1996...\" (Art. 2.c, Law No. 9976. Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nRegarding the material inactivity concerning the absence of actions aimed at the recovery of the right-of-way (derecho de vía), as well as ensuring the mobility of people through public roads, its unlawfulness can also be inferred from the aforementioned regulatory bodies cited repeatedly, as well as from the administrative powers over the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) that we have mentioned.\n\nIt is perhaps worth clarifying for these purposes the provisions of articles 2 bis, 19, 20, 21, 28, 32, 33 of the General Law of Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), article 84 subsection e) of the Municipal Code (Código Municipal), article 17 of Law 9976 (in relation to sidewalks or pedestrian walkways), among other provisions, all of which impose upon the Municipalities the duty to remove obstacles and restore mobility or the free transit of persons on the public roads of the road network under their charge. However, it should be noted on this point that the report presented by both parties as factual and evidentiary support for their procedural acts (claim and affirmative defense), clearly shows that the sections \"...do not show apparent encroachments by walls or fences on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) according to the property lines...\", although it does certify the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way. Therefore, this Chamber understands that the inactivity incurred on this point, and which has been demonstrated, lies in the absence of actions aimed at restoring full mobility or transitability of the cantonal public roads that are the subject of this matter.-\n\nIX.- IN SYNTHESIS ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. - Based on the foregoing and after a measured analysis of the case file, this Court has verified the unlawful administrative inactivity incurred by the defendant Administration, which the plaintiff alleges and the municipal representation also acknowledges, without any reason being apparent from which to certify a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, nor of disproportionality in the scope of the claims. Thus, Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana, has requested the declaration of the omission (claim No. 2) and consequently, that compliance be ordered with the legal mandates that have been disregarded, which includes the duty of the Municipality of Santa Ana to build the road works that are lacking, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the restoration of full mobility or transitability of the existing cantonal public roads on the route indicated in the claim (claims No. 3 to 8), all of which was accepted by the local Government, as is evident from the Municipal Council agreement no. 09 adopted in Article VI of ordinary session no. 57 held on June 3 of this year:\n\n\"...The acquiescence (allanamiento) authorized by agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the invaded public areas, building the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter of Calle Cubilla comprising Avenida 55 starting at the intersection with route 310, Calle 14 in its entirety, and Avenida 51 up to Condominio Bosques de Carao; a route illustrated in the image of the aforementioned agreement in transcription 347-2024 provided with the defense to the claim.\" ...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nThus, once the satisfaction of the requirements that the legal system prescribes for admitting the acquiescence (allanamiento) made in the case file has been determined, what is appropriate is to uphold the plaintiff's claims, so that it is declared that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached the pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty to construct and maintain sidewalks and curb and gutter, and to safeguard full mobility or transitability on the public roads included in the claimed route. Consequently, as has been requested by the plaintiff, in accordance with article 122 subsection g) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (CPCA), the Municipality of Santa Ana must be ordered to cease the inactivity or omission and to comply, within a reasonable timeframe, with the obligations imposed by the legal system to which reference has been made, based on the technical criteria that both parties have provided to the case file. By virtue of this and considering the specific circumstances that have been duly demonstrated, the following parameters are set so that the defendant local entity may fulfill the omitted conduct: 1) The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered, within a maximum period of one month counted from the finality of this ruling, to inform the enforcement judge of this Court about the technical actions or procedures initiated to prepare \"...a new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design that is comprehensive and that includes sidewalks, curb and gutter on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing right-of-way defined by the property lines established on site and the existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outlets)...\", as recommended in the technical expert opinion (dictamen técnico) contained in official letter no. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated May 3, 2023. For the effective fulfillment of what has been ordered, the Municipal Mayor must provide a timeline establishing the different actions, phases, and responsible parties so that, within a maximum period of six months, the new road right-of-way design indicated therein is completed. Once that period has elapsed, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana must submit to the enforcement judge of this Court the final compliance report containing the definitive design of the actions and works to be executed on the route in question. 2) Once the report on the aspects indicated in the previous point has been presented and in accordance with the new road right-of-way design, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana is ordered to implement the actions and measures necessary to begin the construction of the road infrastructure and the removal of obstacles or other elements that impede adequate mobility and transitability on the route in question, within a maximum period of six months, with these needing to be duly completed no later than one year after being initiated. 3) The Municipal Mayor must take note of what is ordered herein and make the pertinent budgetary provisions or modifications, in order to comply with what has been ordered, under penalty of the crime of disobedience to authority. Likewise, every six months, progress reports on compliance with what has been ordered must be submitted to the enforcement phase of this Court.\n\n4) The judgment enforcement judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución de sentencia) shall make known to the plaintiff the reports and the new road right-of-way design (diseño del derecho vial) described above and shall ensure the proper fulfillment of said planning, the deadlines, and the execution of the works, in accordance with the powers granted by the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). To that end, they shall be enabled to apply the mechanisms provided for in Articles 158 and 159 of that regulatory body, also with respect to the officials indicated as responsible in the report described in point 1). -\n\nX.- REGARDING COSTS. - The obligation to pay costs constitutes an obligation of legal source, in this case, derived from numeral 193 of the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), by means of which the losing party -by the mere fact of being so-, is obliged to reimburse the winning party for a variety of categories of expenses incurred by reason of the process, which they were not obliged to bear. In accordance with said article as well as 194 and 197 ibidem, the waiver of this condemnation may only occur if any of the situations regulated therein are proven, so that in the absence of allegations or evidence allowing this Tribunal, in the specific case, to weigh and deem any of these grounds accredited, it is not possible then to totally or partially exempt the defeated party from the application of said maxim. In this case, the process has concluded due to the affirmative response or acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the defendant Municipal Administration and in that sense, the aforementioned numeral 197.1 CPCA prescribes the following: \"...Unless the parties agree otherwise, there shall be no condemnation in costs, in the event of withdrawal (desestimiento), acquiescence (allanamiento) or extra-procedural satisfaction of the claim, before the preliminary hearing or in the course thereof...\". Therefore, since the acquiescence (allanamiento) occurred before the preliminary hearing was held in this matter, what is legally proper is to exonerate the defeated party from the payment of costs, as is hereby ordered. -\n\n\nPOR TANTO\n\nAs it conforms to the legal system, the petition for acquiescence (allanamiento) filed by the defendant is granted.\n\nTherefore, THE CLAIM IS UPHELD filed by SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN, against the MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA, under the following terms: A) It is declared that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached the pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty of construction and maintenance of sidewalks (aceras) and gutters (cordón de caño), and of safeguarding full mobility or walkability (transitabilidad) on the cantonal public roads located on Calle La Cubilla, specifically, the stretch from the intersection of Avenida 055A with Ruta Nacional 310, continuing along Calle 014 and Avenida 051, up to the Bosques de Carao Condominium, which is graphically represented by the yellow dotted line shown in the following image: --\n\n

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0YCZYWXRP8E61 | |\n\n| Documento firmado por:

DANIEL AGUILAR MENDEZ, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A
JOSE ROBERTO GARITA NAVARRO, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A
CYNTHIA ABARCA GOMEZ, JUEZ/A DECISOR/A | |\n| --- | --- |\n \nEXP: 23-005125-1027-CA\nGoicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, in front of Café Dorado. Telephones: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: tproca-sgdoc@poder-judicial.go.cr\n\nThe rule in question states: “… In addition to the other mechanisms established by law, the proceeding may be terminated early, by the means established in this chapter, and the resolution so ordering shall have the authority of res judicata (cosa juzgada)…” (Highlighting is not in the original). [...] For what is of interest here, the acquiescence (allanamiento) is the termination of the proceeding that occurs as a result of a unilateral act of the defendant, in which the defendant declares its express and unequivocal will to accede to the claims that have been brought against it—with the legal effects that implies—such that it agrees to them totally or partially, without subjection to any legal condition or term, or to counter-performance by the plaintiff (as occurs, for example, in the case of a settlement (transacción)). However, the mere introduction of that act into the case file is not sufficient per se to conclude the proceeding, since as prescribed by Article 114.4 CPCA, the jurisdictional authority must first verify whether the acquiescence (allanamiento) infringes the legal system or not, which is consistent with the review of legality constitutionally attributed to this jurisdiction (Art. 49 CPOL). Said scrutiny must be carried out from a dual perspective: formal and substantial [...]\".\n\nREGARDING THE DUTY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CANTONAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE.- From various normative bodies, among which we can cite the Construction Law (Ley de Construcciones), Decree-Law No. 833 of November 2, 1949, the General Law of Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), Law No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, the Law of Tax Simplification and Efficiency (Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias), Law No. 8114 of July 4, 2001, the Law of Transit on Land Public Roads and Road Safety (Ley de Tránsito por vías públicas terrestres y seguridad vial), Law No. 9078 of October 4, 2012, the Special Law for the Transfer of Competencies: Full and Exclusive Attention of the Cantonal Road Network (Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal), Law No. 9329 of October 15, 2015, the Law of Efficiency in the construction, maintenance, and improvement of the cantonal and national road network (Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional), Law No. 9789 of December 9, 2019, and the Pedestrian Mobility Law (Ley de Movilidad Peatonal), Law No. 9976 of April 6, 2021—to name a few—we affirm that the country's land public roads correspond to a category of dominical goods (bienes dominicales) intended to guarantee the free transit of persons throughout the national territory, permitting access and communication among the country's different populations. The set of streets, roads, and highways that make up these public roads is called the \"Road Network\" (Red Vial), which is classified as national or cantonal according to the public entity that has the authority for its administration. In accordance with articles 1 of Law No. 5060, 5 of Law No. 8114, 2 subsection 96) of Law 9078, as well as 1 and 2 of Law No. 9329, the authority to administer the country's cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) corresponds to the Municipalities, according to their territorial competence in the geographic zone where those public roads are located, a faculty that encompasses the competencies of \"...planning, programming, designing, administering, financing, executing, and controlling their construction, conservation, signage, demarcation, rehabilitation, reinforcement, reconstruction, concession, and operation...\". In accordance with those same normative bodies, every public road, whether part of the national or cantonal network, is composed of two basic elements: the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and the road infrastructure (infraestructura vial). According to subsection 43 of Law 9078, the first corresponds to the \"...right that falls upon a strip of land of a demanial nature and that is destined for the construction of road works for the circulation of vehicles or the transit of persons or for other works related to safety, ornamentation, road nomenclature, informational service announcements, tourist activities and destinations, as well as for the installation of public transport vehicle stops or bus shelters...\". The other component, road infrastructure, refers to the works or constructive elements that are erected in order to enable, facilitate, and guide the transit of persons, whether on foot or by means of transport systems.\n\nIn that sense, we have the road infrastructure proper, namely, streets, roads, highways, bicycle lanes, pedestrian paths, etc.; and the complementary infrastructure, that is, those works intended to guarantee safety, sustainability, and inclusivity in the transit and transport of persons and goods [...]\".

\n\n---\n\n**No. 2025006011**\n\n**CONTENTIOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY COURT. SIXTH SECTION. - SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at eleven hours and thirty-eight minutes on the eighteenth of June two thousand twenty-five.-**\n\nRequest for acquiescence (allanamiento) in contentious administrative and civil treasury proceedings brought by **SEBASTIÁN DAVID VARGAS ROLDÁN**, holder of identity card number 1-1105-0475, who also acts in his capacity as attorney, professional association membership card no. 16192, against the **MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA**, represented by Juan José Vargas Fallas, in his capacity as Municipal Mayor, and Andrea Robles Álvarez, in her capacity as directing attorney (images 78 and 80 of the electronic judicial file). -\n\n**WHEREAS:**\n\n**I.- PRELIMINARY ASPECTS. - A)** This resolution is issued according to the formalities established in Law No. 9342, Civil Procedure Code (CPC), and the Regulation on the Electronic Judicial File before the Judiciary (REJEPJ), approved by the Full Court in article XXXI of session No. 22-13, held on May 20, 2013. In that sense, it is recorded that, by provision adopted by the Superior Council of the Judiciary in Art. XXXV adopted in session No. 80-2024 of September 5, 2024, and the second paragraph of art. 28.2 CPC, the date and time recorded for this resolution corresponds to that automatically assigned by the institutional computer systems. **B)** The ruling is adopted **unanimously**, after the respective deliberation has been carried out and within the period provided in article 82.5 of the Autonomous Regulation of Organization and Service of the Contentious Administrative and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction, with the drafting of the resolution in charge of the **rapporteur, judge Aguilar Méndez, with the concurring vote and opinion of the judges Garita Navarro and Abarca Gómez. C)** This resolution is issued that terminates the process in an anticipated manner, in accordance with the provisions of article 114 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code (CPCA). Consequently, since the preliminary hearing phase has not been carried out as regulated by canon 90 ibidem, the entirety of the documentary evidence provided to the record will be considered for the issuance of the respective resolution, but it will be within the substantive deliberative examination that the corresponding value will be assigned to the evidentiary pieces that are relevant and pertinent for this ruling, according to the rules of sound critical judgment (sana crítica racional) (Art. 82 CPCA).\n\nD) Based on the provisions of article 147 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch, as well as the principle of functional equivalence of electronic documents, established in articles 3 of the Law on Certificates, Digital Signatures, and Electronic Documents, and 11 of the REJEPJ, coupled with the fact that the CPC only requires the identification of the evidentiary source for the list of proven and unproven facts in the judgment (Art. 61.2.2), and taking into account that the documentary collection corresponding to the judicial file is directly incorporated into the databases of this Branch of the Republic, this Chamber has decided that for the purposes of reference and identification of the documentary evidence and procedural acts contained therein, only the image numbers (im. /ims.) in which these appear in the digital document—which, in a \".pdf\" format file and arranged ascendingly, has been downloaded from the computer application of the electronic judicial file, as of the date of this resolution—will be indicated. –\n\nII.- REGARDING THE PROCESSING OF THIS MATTER. - The lawsuit in this process was filed on September 8, 2013, against the Municipality of Santa Ana. As will be developed infra, this is an action with a markedly prestational character, since what is being challenged is a supposed omission incurred by that local Corporation, consisting of the lack of sidewalks and curb (cordón de caño), as well as the invasion of public areas, in a territorial extension that comprises \"...where the intersection of Calle Cubilla with Route No. 310 begins, continuing along Calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of the Bosques de Carao Condominium...\". After a preliminary objection carried out in a resolution at 07:34 hours on September 25, 2023, the plaintiff proceeded, among other aspects, to correct the issue of the grounds for their lawsuit. In an order at 12:47 hours on January 15, 2024, the Processing Judge transferred the lawsuit to the sued Municipality, which answered affirmatively on May 31 of that year. In that sense, the local Government provided to the case file the authorization to acquiesce given by the Municipal Council of Santa Ana, in agreement No. 4 adopted in Article VI.1 of ordinary session number 03 held on May 21, 2024. In a resolution at 11:38 hours on June 19, 2024, the Processing Judge ordered that the lawsuit be deemed answered and, by virtue of the acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the Municipality, ordered \"...the referral of the case file to the Trial Court, for its corresponding action...\". Subsequently, by resolution No. 2025000848 at 20:04 hours on February 4, 2025, titled \"...[t]he ACQUIESCENCE TO THE LAWSUIT (ALLANAMIENTO A LA DEMANDA) filed by the MUNICIPALITY OF SANTA ANA is resolved, as will be stated forthwith...\", that same Judge orders \"...THEREFORE: Remit this matter to Team 6 so that it may proceed according to the provisions of numeral 114, subsection 4, of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code...\". However, this matter was not brought to the attention of this Court until May 14 of the current year. Thus, once what had occurred in the process was reviewed and by means of a resolution at 13:07 hours on May 19, it was determined to make a series of preliminary objections to the Municipality of Santa Ana, so that it could clarify several questions that drew the attention of this Chamber, which were addressed through briefs from the local Corporation posted in the electronic judicial file on the following May 26 and June 5 (this aspect will be retaken up infra). It is worth saying that what happened was brought to the attention of the plaintiff through an order at 08:54 hours on May 28, without the plaintiff having expressed an opinion on the matter. -\n\nIII.- SUBJECT MATTER OF THE PROCESS. - In the sub examine case, the respective preliminary hearing has not been held, so the subject matter of the process (Art. 119.1 CPCA) is constituted by the claims originally formulated in the action, which expressly state the following:\n\n\"...CLAIMS\n1. That this lawsuit be declared with full merit in all its aspects\n2. That it be declared that the Municipal Corporation has breached an obligation to manage, notify the owners of real estate in the geographical area indicated in this lawsuit so that they remedy the omission in terms of: Recovery of public areas from invasion, construction of quality sidewalks, construction of the curb (cordón de caño).\n3. That given the omission of the sued Municipal Corporation to enforce the legislation and compel the administered owners of real estate surrounding the geographical area detailed in this lawsuit, it has become responsible for meeting the need for infrastructure works for the construction of sidewalks, curb (cordón de caño), and recovery of public areas currently invaded by the owners of neighboring real estate.\n4.\n\nThat the sued Municipal Corporation be declared obligated to build quality sidewalk infrastructure, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and recover public areas currently encroached upon by the owners of neighboring real estate in the indicated geographic area.\n\n5. That a deadline be set for the sued municipal corporation to carry out said works, under penalty of the responsible persons being accused of the crime of disobedience to authority.\n\n6. That the geographic area where the omitted administrative conduct must be supplied with respect to the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter, as well as the recovery of public areas, is from where the intersection of Calle Cubilla begins with Route No. 310, continuing along Calle 14, passing in front of the Centro de Educación Especial de Santa Ana and passing in front of the Condominio Bosques de Carao.\n\n7. That the sued Municipal Corporation be condemned to carry out quality works, that is, that they are passable, adequate under the law for persons with disabilities, and that their durability is guaranteed, which must be built in front of the properties located facing the already indicated route and all accessory infrastructure works, street, curb and gutter, and those necessary to guarantee the pedestrian safety of those of us who travel along said road.\n\n8. That if the sued municipal entity lacks resources, it take budgetary precautions and assign the respective line item for the following budget.\n\n9. That the sued entity be condemned to pay the costs of both parties of this action.\n\n10. That on any amount for which said institution is condemned, the payment of interest be imposed...\".\n\nThe representation of the Municipality, in its affirmative response, indicated that it acquiesced (se allanaba) to the lawsuit in the following terms:\n\n\"...ACQUIESCENCE (ALLANAMIENTO)\nAs evidenced by report MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023, it is true, as the plaintiff indicates, that there are no sidewalks on Calle Cubilla and that the Municipality has not notified the owners of the obligation to build the sidewalks; consequently we acquiesce to all of the claims of the lawsuit, for which I have requested the authorization of the Concejo Municipal...\"\n\nHowever, the text of the acquiescence presented a series of inconsistencies that raised doubts for this Court, which is why, in an order issued at 13:07 hours on May 19, 2025, the Municipality was warned so that it would clarify, first, the omissions included in its acquiescence, and second, the legal nature and scope of a section titled \"proposal to fulfill them\" (claims). Said request was addressed by the Municipality through a brief filed in the electronic case file on May 26 of the previous year. On that occasion, it stated that the acquiescence encompassed the lack of sidewalks, curb and gutter, and the encroachment of public areas; and that the \"proposal\" section did not constitute a condition, but rather a request for a deadline to fulfill the works and that it referred to the execution phase of the eventual judgment. In that sense, on the following June 5, it provided the document with which it completed the acquiescence agreement by the Concejo Municipal, which will be analyzed later. -\n\nIV.- ACQUIESCENCE AS AN EARLY FORM OF TERMINATION OF THE PROCESS. - Starting from Article 112 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, a series of mechanisms are established through which a process before this jurisdiction can validly conclude, distinct from judgment. The norm in question says: \"... In addition to the other mechanisms established by law, the process may terminate early, by the means established in this chapter, and the ruling so ordering shall have the authority of res judicata...\" (Highlighting is not from the original). These procedural forms are generally characterized because they do not entail a pronouncement on the claims and the merits of the specific case, hence they are called \"early\" modes of termination of the process, precisely because they occur in a cognitive phase prior to the judgment itself. The procedural code provides for a total of seven of these modalities, namely: the expiration of the process (caducidad del proceso) (Article 112 bis), the withdrawal (desistimiento) (Article 113), the total or partial acquiescence (allanamiento) (Article 114), the extra-procedural satisfaction (satisfacción extraprocesal) (Article 115), the equivalence of administrative resolution (equiparación de resolución administrativa) (Article 116), transaction (transacción) (Article 117), and compliance with omitted conduct (Article 118). Each of these has diverse requirements and legal effects (formal and material), which in turn entails, to a greater or lesser extent, an analysis on the part of the jurisdictional body hearing the matter. With respect to what is relevant here, acquiescence is the termination of the process that occurs as a result of a unilateral act by the sued party, in which it declares its express and unequivocal will to accede to the claims that have been brought against it —with the legal effects that entails—, so that it agrees to them totally or partially, without subjection to any condition or legal term, or to counter-prestations from the plaintiff (as occurs, for example, in the case of a transaction).\n\nHowever, the mere introduction of that act into the case file is not sufficient *per se* to conclude the process, since as prescribed by Article 114.4 CPCA, the jurisdictional authority must first verify whether the acquiescence (allanamiento) infringes or does not infringe the legal system, which is consistent with the constitutionally attributed legality review of this jurisdiction (Art. 49 CPOL). Such scrutiny must be carried out from a dual perspective: formal and substantial. **From the procedural (adjetivo) standpoint**, it is required that the procedural act of acquiescence (allanamiento): *(1)* implies the express and unequivocal consent of the defendant to grant, totally or partially, the claims of the plaintiff, not the facts, allegations, or evidence on which they are based; *(2)* emanates from whoever can legitimately carry it out, that is, from the defendant against whom the claim is directed, not an intervener or a third party unrelated to it, in the case of a plurality of passive parties. It should be noted that this analysis also entails assessing the capacity and proper representation of whoever acquiesces to the lawsuit; *(3)* is granted at the appropriate procedural moment, that is, before judgment, not at a later phase, whether appellate or execution; and *(4)* in the case of Public Administrations, together with the act of acquiescence (allanamiento), they must submit to the Court the respective authorization issued by the competent body, according to the rules defined in numerals 114.2 and 114.3 CPCA. The First Chamber has stated in this regard: \"*...In the event that it is the Public Administration intending to acquiesce, it must present the agreement or resolution adopted by the competent body – the head of the entity -, authorizing such manifestation of will, which is logical, moreover, in accordance with the principle of legality governing administrative action provided for in numeral 11 of the General Law of Public Administration and in Article 11 of the Magna Carta...*\" (Judgment no. **497-A-S1-2023** of 09:16 hours on April 13, 2023. Highlighting is not from the original). Furthermore, by reason of the attributions held by this Court as guarantor of the legality of administrative activity, as well as of the subjective rights and legitimate interests of the administered parties (Arts. 49, 154 and 166 Political Constitution, 8 of the Organic Law of the Judicial Branch, 8 and 10 General Law of Public Administration, 1 CPCA, as well as supplementarily, Articles 19 to 22 Civil Code and 4 to 6 and 39 Civil Procedure Code), **from the substantial standpoint**, it is required that the jurisdictional authority determine and verify: *(a)* the conformity with the legal system of that which has been the object of acquiescence (allanamiento) (through the verification of its material assumptions, namely: standing (legitimación) -active and passive-, current interest and right); *(b)* that the action is not the result of procedural fraud, bad faith, or an antisocial or abusive exercise of right; and *(c)* the reasonableness and proportionality of the claims upon which the acquiescence (allanamiento) has operated in relation to the public interest, the Court being enabled, pursuant to numeral 131.3 CPCA, to graduate and dimension the effects of the ruling in time, space, or matter, if necessary in order to safeguard social stability and legal certainty. It should be noted, finally, that this Court has reiterated on multiple occasions that this verification exercise is inferred as a logical derivation of the legality review that, by constitutional imperative, this Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction must carry out. It could not be otherwise since, in keeping with this purpose of review, the judge could not foster acquiescences (allanamientos) that, in substance, entail or imply substantial infractions of the legal system or dislocations to the public interest, given that this would translate into the abandonment of the constitutional guarantee entrusted to this jurisdiction. Thus, in the face of the defendant's manifestation of acquiescing to the action filed against them, the judge must weigh whether what is in substance intended and constitutes the object of the proceeding, conforms to that legality parameter, in which case, they will conclude the process, or on the contrary, will resolve what is legally appropriate to realize that purpose of safeguarding the legal system. Moreover, it is clear that when there are co-defendants, the process must continue with respect to those who have not acquiesced, when so appropriate in light of the debated object. **-**\n\n**V.- EXAMINATION OF THE SPECIFIC CASE.- a) Analysis of the formal assumptions of the acquiescence (allanamiento).-** In the *sub judice*, the affirmative reply to the lawsuit is directly signed by whoever holds the position of Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana (images 74 to 78, 80 and 132 to 134), an official who according to Article 17 subsection n) of the Municipal Code, holds the legal representation of the Local Government. This official expressly and unequivocally manifested the will of that Administration to grant the totality of the claims. This was confirmed, precisely, as a result of the warning issued by this Office, with the municipal representative indicating, regarding the scope of the acquiescence (allanamiento), that it comprised \"*...the construction of sidewalks, the curb and gutter [sic] necessary for the proper relationship of this with the pavement grade of the roadway. / And since the sidewalk forms part of the right-of-way, structures and plants that are outside the private property line and that hinder its construction must be removed...*\". Likewise, he stated that the territorial extension in which the omission materialized was not objected to; on the contrary, he accepted that it was just as mentioned in the lawsuit.\n\nFinally, it is verified from the case file that two agreements of the Municipal Council of Santa Ana authorizing the acquiescence (allanamiento) have been presented (visible at images 106 and 141 of the judicial file), a body that possesses the hierarchical competence in the matter, given that the object of this case is the challenge of omissive conduct in relation to the construction and maintenance of infrastructure on the cantonal road network, specifically, sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and encroachment on the right-of-way (derecho de vía). This is as inferred from numerals 13 subsections a) and e) of the Código Municipal, insofar as that body is responsible for determining the policies and development priorities of the municipality, as well as the commitment and authorization of municipal expenditures, especially those related to the fulfillment of the powers of administration of the cantonal road network provided for in laws No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, Ley General de Caminos Públicos, 8114 of July 04, 2001, Ley de Simplificación y Eficiencia Tributarias, 9329 of October 15, 2015, Ley Especial para la Transferencia de Competencias: Atención Plena y Exclusiva de la Red Vial Cantonal, 9789 of December 09, 2019, Ley de Eficiencia en la construcción, el mantenimiento y el mejoramiento de la red vial cantonal y nacional, 9976 of April 06, 2021, Ley de Movilidad Peatonal, among others, as well as their respective regulations. Thus, agreement no. 4, adopted in Article VI.1 of ordinary session of the Municipal Council number 03 held on May 21, 2024, was provided, firstly, which indicates the following:\n\n\"...AGREEMENT NO. 04: WITH DISPENSATION OF COMMITTEE PROCESS, IT IS APPROVED UNANIMOUSLY AND FINALLY: FIRST: THE MOTION PRESENTED BY THE PROPRIETARY COUNCILMAN, GONZALO ROJAS ROJAS, IS APPROVED AND OFFICIAL LETTER NO. MSA-ALC-01-044-2024, DATED MAY 15, 2024, SIGNED BY LICDA. ANDREA ROBLES ÁLVAREZ, IN CHARGE OF THE LEGAL ADVISORY PROCESS, IS ACCEPTED; SECOND: BEFORE THE LAWSUIT BEING PROCESSED UNDER CASE FILE 23-005125-0027-CA, FILED BY MR. SEBASTIAN VARGAS ROLDAN, THIS MUNICIPAL COUNCIL RECOGNIZES THAT THERE ARE NO SIDEWALKS ON CALLE CUBILLA AND THAT THE MUNICIPALITY HAS NOT NOTIFIED THE OWNERS OF THE OBLIGATION TO BUILD THEM; CONSEQUENTLY, WE ACQUIESCE TO THE TOTALITY OF THE CLAIMS OF THE LAWSUIT AND THE MAYOR IS AUTHORIZED TO PRESENT THIS ACQUIESCENCE (ALLANAMIENTO) TOGETHER WITH A PROPOSAL TO FULFILL THEM; THIRD: NOTIFY THE MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION, SO THAT IT REDIRECTS THIS AGREEMENT TO THE CORRESPONDING DEPARTMENTS AND INSTRUCTS WHAT IS PERTINENT...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nAnd subsequently, under warning from this Tribunal, agreement no. 09 of that same body was provided, adopted in Article VI of ordinary session no. 57 held on June 03 of this year, in which the following was ordered:\n\n\"...POR TANTO\nThis Municipal Council agrees:\nIn accordance with the request made by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, within the contentious-administrative proceeding 23-005125-027-CA, it is approved to clarify to the Tribunal that:\n\"The acquiescence (allanamiento) authorized through agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the invaded public areas, building the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter (cordón de caño) of Calle Cubilla that comprises Avenida 55 starting at the intersection with route 310, Calle 14 in its entirety, and Avenida 51 up to Condominio Bosques de Carao; a route illustrated in the image of the referenced agreement in transcription 347-2024 provided with the response to the lawsuit.\" ...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nThis Tribunal concludes that, in effect, the competent body has authorized the acquiescence (allanamiento) as such. Therefore, the procedural requirements for that early form of termination of the process are deemed satisfied; consequently, we will proceed immediately with the substantive analysis. -\n\nVI.- CONTINUES. - b) Analysis of the acquiescence (allanamiento) from a substantial point of view.- As a first step, the Tribunal must corroborate the satisfaction of the substantive or material presuppositions, that is, those requirements that are necessary in order to grant or deny what is requested, even regardless of the arguments constructed by the parties, since they are reviewable ex officio (rulings of the Sala Primera no. 317-F-S1-2008 at 09:10 hours on May 02, 2008, 1548-F-SI-2011 at 09:20 hours on December 22, 2011, 1266-F-S1-2019 at 14:35 hours on July 11, 2019, 667-F-S1-2021 at 15:40 hours on March 18, 2021, and 529-F-S1-2024 at 09:36 hours on May 24, 2024, among others). These material presuppositions are: 1) the susceptibility of the action to constitute an effective judicial means or recourse to affect the legal sphere of the litigating subjects (standing (legitimación ad causam)), 2) the judgment of suitability and usefulness of the material claim in resolving the cause of action or causa petendi (current interest (interés actual)), and finally, 3) the conformity of what is requested with the legal system (Law (Derecho)). If all or any of these requirements are not met in the specific case, the judge is prevented from granting the petition, even with the consent of the defendant. Proceeding otherwise would imply enabling the issuance of anti-juridical rulings, which contradicts the very purpose of the justice apparatus in a democratic and social State of Law, in addition to lending itself to abuse and procedural fraud, which is explicitly prohibited in our legal system (Arts 2 and 8 LOPJ, 19 to 22 CCIV and 4 to 6 and 39 CPC).\n\nWe will begin the analysis of the specific case by indicating that, as can be deduced from the case file, on the date the lawsuit was filed, that is, **08 September 2023**, the plaintiff herein, Mr. Sebastián David Vargas Roldán, was a resident of the district of Pozos in the canton of Santa Ana, living in the Villa Real condominium located in that locality (an undisputed fact), and in that capacity he submitted, on **17 April 2023**, a document to the Municipality of Santa Ana in which he claimed the omission of building sidewalks in the area that “…begins [at] the intersection of Calle Cubilla with Route No. 310, continuing along Calle 14, passing in front of the Santa Ana special education center and passing in front of the Bosques de Carao Condominium…”, and also that, according to his statement, the invasion of public zones was permitted, where sidewalks, green zones, and gutters (cordón de caño) should be located. He denounced on that occasion that these omissions had caused local residents to have to walk on the road “where motor vehicles circulate at high speed,” putting their lives and the lives of people who travel through the area daily at risk. He requested that a plan be established to address the situation and that the construction of sidewalks, gutters (cordón de caño), sewer works, and other urban fixtures be of quality and take into consideration the needs of the population with disabilities (images 11 to 14 of the judicial file). On **20 April 2023**, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana issued two official letters, namely: one with serial number MSA-ALC-04-264-2023, in which he replied to the plaintiff herein and indicated that, as it is a priority sector within the cantonal sustainable mobility plan, he would proceed to manage the “diagnostic report for the road segment indicated in the request,” and later, official letter No. MSA-ALC-04-266-2023, in which, pursuant to the above, he instructed various departments to carry out “…the necessary actions to provide, within a reasonable time, a report on the existing infrastructure on site; possible invasions of the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and the necessary infrastructure to be able to initiate the notification to property owners for sidewalk construction…” (images 15 to 17 of the judicial file). Subsequently, through official letter No. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated **03 May 2023**, signed by officials Carlos Morales Sandoval and Julio Retana Valverde, both from the Municipality of Santa Ana, the technical report requested by the Municipal Mayor's Office was rendered. That document is transcendental for the present matter, so much so that it not only forms part of the evidentiary support of the lawsuit, but also constitutes the technical input used by the Local Government to substantiate its acquiescence, both in the document presented before this Court and in the agreements adopted by the Municipal Council. Firstly, in order to address what was petitioned via administrative channels (and reiterated before this judicial venue in the lawsuit), that is, the failure to construct and maintain road infrastructure, the municipal officials proceeded to locate the sector of the cantonal route in question: Calle Cubilla, from the intersection with national route 310 to the Bosques de Carao Condominium.\n\nIn that regard, the report describes that this segment comprises stretches of three (3) local roads, namely: avenue 055A, street 014, and avenue 051, which was represented graphically (yellow dotted line) in the following image (figure 1): -\n\nCosta Rican Mining Code (Código de Minería), Law 7575. It transcribes part of the technical consideration (Considerando III) within Sala Constitucional resolution Voto 4654-2003, which analyzed the constitutionality of reforming Law 7575 via a bill processed as a non-binding bill rather than as a formal law requiring legislative approval.\n\nThe text details a technical-legal discussion on mining concessions and their fundamental differences from private real estate property and other administrative concessions. It notes that mining concessions constitute unregistered, temporary, revocable rights—distinct from a private property right—as MINAE (Ministry of Environment and Energy) may cancel them without liability for the State. They are granted as an administrative act per specific mining regulations and do not confer permanent rights, differentiating them from lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) rights applicable to forest areas or land under the forest regime.\n\nTo clarify these distinctions, the text contrasts the \"mining concession\" figure with that of forest concessions and areas under the forest regime, where the concept of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) does apply. This involves technical and legal differences involving Law 7575, the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), and CONARE's technical studies.\n\nThe excerpt continues, explaining that based on technical feasibility reports from SETENA, SINAC, and the Sub-committee on Concessions and CAN (referring to the body involved in this administrative process), they were deemed to be before an \"unregistered right of use\" (derecho de uso no inscribible)—a term used in jurisprudence and doctrine—with technical differences between concessions and the concept of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) that justified the approach in Voto 4654-2003.\n\nIt then details: \"In the corresponding resolution, this constitutional ruling set forth specific requirements for MINAE to address, including establishing coordination protocols between the DGM (Directorate of Geology and Mines) and SINAC through the Sub-committee on Concessions and CAN to evaluate the existence or absence of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) in mining concession areas; the need for environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) certification from SETENA; conducting Environmental Impact Assessments (Evaluaciones de Impacto Ambiental) when applicable; and observing all special regulations governing the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and the Mining Code (Código de Minería) for open-pit mining.\"\n\nThe *Por tanto* (Therefore) section partially visible at the chunk’s end begins: \"Therefore: The appealed ruling is upheld...\"\n\nConsiderando III.— Que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), adscrita al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, otorgó la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Esperanza\", en adelante el proyecto, a desarrollarse en la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, Partido de Puntarenas, bajo el sistema de Folio Real matrícula N° 150238-000, ubicada en el distrito de Jacó, cantón de Garabito, provincia de Puntarenas, bajo una serie de condiciones y medidas ambientales.\n\nConsiderando IV.— Que dentro de las condiciones y medidas ambientales establecidas en la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental otorgada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, se dispuso expresamente en el punto 4.2.1 del Anexo 1 (Medidas Ambientales) lo siguiente:\n\n\"4.2.1 Deberá de mantener como zona de protección la establecida en los planos del proyecto, en la cual no se permite ninguna actividad que implique la eliminación de la cobertura boscosa o cambio de uso del suelo. Esta zona deberá de ser delimitada en el campo mediante hitos o mojones que deberán ser georreferenciados. Las coordenadas de ubicación de estos hitos deberán ser reportadas a la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), al Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) y a la Municipalidad de Garabito. Estas áreas de protección deberán de estar debidamente inscritas como servidumbre o cesión de áreas de protección.\"\n\nConsiderando V.— Que las medidas ambientales contenidas en el Anexo 1 de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental otorgada mediante la resolución N° 2446-2008-SETENA de las 10:00 horas del 23 de octubre de 2008, así como todas y cada una de las obligaciones establecidas en dicha resolución, constituyen compromisos ambientales de acatamiento obligatorio para el desarrollador del proyecto, cuyo incumplimiento puede acarrear las sanciones administrativas correspondientes, incluyendo la revocatoria de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en los artículos 20 y 21 de la Ley 7575, Ley Forestal.\n\nUn ciudadano costarricense, mayor de edad, con cédula de identidad número [...], vecino de [...], actuando en su condición personal, interpone formal denuncia penal contra el señor MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA y el señor DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SERVICIO NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), por los presuntos delitos de PREVARICATO, INCUMPLIMIENTO DE DEBERES, y cualquier otro delito que se pudiera configurar, en razón de los siguientes hechos y consideraciones legales.\n\n**I. HECHOS**\n\n1. El suscrito denunciante adquirió una finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad bajo el folio real matrícula [...], localizada en el distrito [...], cantón [...], provincia de Puntarenas. Dicha propiedad se encuentra en una zona de alta fragilidad ambiental, colindante con el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), administrada por el SINAC.\n2. Desde el año 2015, el suscrito ha venido realizando gestiones administrativas ante las autoridades del MINAE y del SINAC, solicitando la delimitación y demarcación física de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre (ZMT) y de la zona boscosa que atraviesa su propiedad, con el fin de establecer con certeza las áreas de protección y las áreas de uso permitido dentro de su finca, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal Nº 7575.\n3. En reiteradas ocasiones, mediante notas escritas y comparecencias personales, el suscrito ha solicitado al MINAE y al SINAC que emitan los criterios técnicos y las resoluciones administrativas necesarias para la correcta aplicación del \"Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Terrenos en Áreas de Protección Especial\", así como para la determinación de las áreas susceptibles de ser sometidas al Programa de \"Pago de Servicios Ambientales\" (PSA), específicamente en la modalidad de Protección de Bosque, conforme al Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 25721-MINAE y sus reformas.\n4. Los funcionarios denunciados, a pesar de tener la obligación legal y reglamentaria de resolver las gestiones presentadas en un plazo razonable y de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, han omitido de manera reiterada y sistemática emitir pronunciamiento alguno. Esta omisión se ha mantenido por más de ocho años, paralizando el desarrollo de cualquier actividad lícita en la propiedad del denunciante y causándole graves perjuicios económicos y morales.\n5. Se ha podido constatar, mediante el estudio de expedientes administrativos relacionados y por información de público conocimiento, que los jerarcas denunciados han emitido resoluciones y otorgado autorizaciones para proyectos de desarrollo inmobiliario y turístico de gran envergadura en la misma zona de ACOSA, a favor de sociedades anónimas con evidentes conexiones políticas, sin cumplir con los mismos requisitos técnicos y legales que se le exigen al suscrito, consistiendo dicha conducta en un trato discriminatorio y arbitrario.\n6. Específicamente, se tiene conocimiento de que el MINAE y el SINAC autorizaron el cambio de uso del suelo y la viabilidad ambiental para el megaproyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\", tramitado bajo el expediente administrativo Nº D1-12345-2020-SETENA, en una propiedad colindante a la del suscrito. En dicho proyecto, se permitió la realización de un movimiento de tierras de gran magnitud, la tala de especies arbóreas protegidas y la construcción de obras de infraestructura que afectan directamente la cobertura boscosa y el espejo de agua de una naciente que sirve como fuente de abastecimiento para todas las propiedades aledañas, incluida la del denunciante. Esta autorización se otorgó a pesar de que dicha naciente no contaba con la servidumbre ecológica correspondiente y no se respetaba el área de irreductibilidad establecida en el Art. 33 de la Ley Forestal.\n7. La conducta omisiva y, posteriormente, la emisión de actos administrativos manifiestamente contrarios a la ley para favorecer a terceros, configura, a juicio del suscrito, una clara violación a los deberes de probidad, imparcialidad y legalidad que deben regir la función pública, tipificando los delitos denunciados.\n\n**II. FUNDAMENTO LEGAL**\n\n1. **Sobre el Delito de Prevaricato (Artículo 349 del Código Penal):** La conducta de los denunciados consistente en dictar resoluciones contrarias a la ley, como la autorización del proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\" sin el cumplimiento de los requisitos de la Ley Forestal, el Reglamento de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre y sin una evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) rigurosa que considerara la afectación a la naciente y al bosque, se subsume perfectamente en el tipo penal de prevaricato. El conocimiento de la ilegalidad de sus actos se deriva de su investidura y competencia técnica como rectores de la materia ambiental.\n2. **Sobre el Delito de Incumplimiento de Deberes (Artículo 338 del Código Penal):** La omisión reiterada de resolver las gestiones del suscrito por un período de ocho años, sin que medie justificación legal alguna, representa un incumplimiento flagrante de los deberes propios de su cargo, establecidos en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y la Ley de Biodiversidad. Esta omisión ha causado un daño directo al denunciante, quien se ha visto imposibilitado de ejercer su derecho de propiedad y desarrollar cualquier proyecto productivo lícito en su finca.\n3. **Sobre la Prueba:** Se solicita que se requiera al MINAE y al SINAC la remisión de copia certificada de los siguientes expedientes administrativos:\n * Expediente de gestión del suscrito, iniciado en 2015.\n * Expediente Nº D1-12345-2020-SETENA, correspondiente al proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\".\n * Todos los criterios técnicos, informes de inspección y resoluciones emitidas por el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) en relación con ambas propiedades.\n * Se ofrece como prueba testimonial el dicho de los vecinos de la zona, quienes pueden dar fe de la paralización de las actividades en la finca del denunciante y del desarrollo del proyecto colindante. Asimismo, se aporta un peritaje técnico privado elaborado por el Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería (INII) de la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), que demuestra la afectación al régimen hídrico de la naciente y la pérdida de cobertura boscosa en la propiedad del proyecto \"Eco-Resort Playa Hermosa\".\n\n**III. PETITORIA**\n\nCon base en lo expuesto, solicito respetuosamente:\n\n1. Admitir la presente denuncia penal contra el señor Ministro de Ambiente y Energía y el señor Director Ejecutivo del SINAC.\n2. Ordenar las diligencias de investigación necesarias para la comprobación de los hechos denunciados, incluyendo la solicitud y análisis de los expedientes administrativos señalados y la recepción de la prueba testimonial y pericial ofrecida.\n3. Determinar la existencia de responsabilidad penal de los denunciados por los delitos de Prevaricato e Incumplimiento de Deberes, y dictar la resolución correspondiente conforme a derecho.\n\n* **Nombre de la Naciente:** Quebrada El Cajón\n* **Coordenadas del punto de aforo (CRTM05):**\n\n| Coordenada | Valor |\n| :--- | :--- |\n| Este | 523456 |\n| Norte | 987654 |\n\n* **Descripción del Área Afectada:** La evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) presentada para el proyecto omitió el análisis de los siguientes componentes:\n\n| Componente | Omisión Verificada |\n| :--- | :--- |\n| Afectación a nacientes | No se realizó aforo ni estudio de balance hídrico. |\n| Inventario forestal | Se registraron únicamente 15 especies de bajo valor ecológico, omitiendo las especies catalogadas en el Anexo 1 del Decreto Nº 25721-MINAE. |\n| Movimiento de tierras | Se autorizó un terraceo no contemplado en el plan regulador. |\n\nLos índices de fragmentación y alteración del paisaje natural en Costa Rica son considerables y se acentúan con el paso del tiempo. Lo anterior, aunado a los reportes mundiales que cada día son más alarmantes sobre el calentamiento global, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la degradación de los recursos naturales, crea la urgente necesidad de dirigir los esfuerzos del país hacia la conservación, el mantenimiento y la recuperación de la conectividad estructural y funcional de los ecosistemas naturales a escala nacional y regional. El Programa “Corredores Biológicos” se plantea como una estrategia de conservación activa para asegurar la conectividad de los ecosistemas y, por lo tanto, el flujo genético entre las poblaciones de especies, principalmente las silvestres, para garantizar su supervivencia a largo plazo y la protección de los procesos ecológicos que sustentan la vida en el planeta. En Costa Rica, el establecimiento de corredores biológicos se sustenta en el artículo 8 de la Ley de Biodiversidad (Ley 7788), del 30 de abril de 1998, que indica: \"Las áreas protegidas, conjuntamente con otras modalidades de conservación y manejo de la biodiversidad, constituirán una red nacional de áreas silvestres protegidas. Su propósito será conservar y preservar muestras representativas de los ecosistemas, poblaciones viables de especies, la diversidad genética y los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos. Corresponde a la Administración Forestal del Estado (AFE), por medio del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), establecer los lineamientos y mecanismos para la coordinación y funcionamiento de esta red.\"\n\nA nivel de paisaje, los corredores biológicos se definen como un espacio geográfico delimitado que proporciona conectividad entre paisajes, ecosistemas y hábitats, naturales o modificados, y asegura el mantenimiento de la diversidad biológica y los procesos ecológicos y evolutivos. La figura 1 muestra la distribución de los 44 corredores biológicos oficialmente establecidos en Costa Rica hasta el año 2018 (según el Decreto Ejecutivo 40043-MINAE). Estos abarcan aproximadamente el 38% de la superficie continental del país, lo que refleja la importancia y la magnitud de este esfuerzo de conservación. No obstante, la gestión efectiva de estos corredores biológicos enfrenta múltiples desafíos, entre los que destacan los cambios en el uso del suelo (land-use change) que pueden fragmentar o degradar los hábitats dentro de sus límites. Las actividades humanas como la expansión agrícola, la urbanización no planificada y el desarrollo de infraestructura vial, entre otras, ejercen una presión constante sobre la conectividad ecológica que se pretende mantener o restaurar. Por lo tanto, el monitoreo de los indicadores de paisaje, como la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), la densidad de bordes y la permeabilidad del terreno, se convierte en una tarea fundamental para evaluar la funcionalidad de estos espacios y orientar las acciones de manejo adaptativo.\n\nEl Comité de Gestión de cada corredor biológico, con el apoyo técnico del SINAC y otras organizaciones, es el encargado de elaborar e implementar su respectivo plan de gestión. Este plan debe incluir un diagnóstico del estado actual del corredor, la identificación de las principales amenazas a la conectividad, la definición de metas de conservación a corto, mediano y largo plazo, y un programa de monitoreo de la efectividad de las acciones implementadas, enmarcado dentro de la estructura programática del SINAC. El establecimiento de corredores biológicos no implica un cambio en el régimen de propiedad de la tierra. Por el contrario, su gestión se fundamenta en la participación voluntaria de los propietarios privados, las comunidades locales, las instituciones gubernamentales y las organizaciones no gubernamentales, quienes coordinan acciones para promover usos de la tierra compatibles con la conservación de la biodiversidad y la conectividad ecológica. Instrumentos como el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) se convierten en aliados estratégicos para incentivar la protección y recuperación de la cobertura forestal (forest cover) en áreas prioritarias para la conectividad dentro de estos corredores.\n\n| Nombre del Corredor Biológico | Área de Conservación | Extensión (ha) |\n| :--- | :--- | :--- |\n| Corredor Biológico Paso del Mono Aullador | ACOSA | 8,756.50 |\n| Corredor Biológico Península de Nicoya | ACT | 99,990.24 |\n| Corredor Biológico Tenorio-Miravalles | ACA-T | 75,640.97 |\n| Corredor Biológico Rincón Cacao | ACAT | 38,237.15 |\n| Corredor Biológico San Juan-La Selva | ACHN | 610,109.04 |\n\nLa consolidación de la red de corredores biológicos costarricense demanda la integración de estos espacios en los instrumentos de planificación territorial y de ordenamiento del uso del suelo a nivel local. Específicamente, los planes reguladores cantonales, cuyo contenido se define en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y Urbanizaciones (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MIVAH-MOPT), deberían incorporar las delimitaciones de estos corredores y las pautas de manejo establecidas en sus planes de gestión, como zonas de protección o de uso restringido. Asimismo, la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA), regulada por la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (Ley 7554) y su reglamento (Decreto N° 31849-MINAE), es un mecanismo fundamental para prevenir y mitigar los impactos negativos de nuevos proyectos, obras o actividades sobre la conectividad de los corredores biológicos, estableciendo medidas correctivas que se traducen en compromisos ambientales de acatamiento obligatorio. La efectividad de estas medidas depende en gran medida del rigor con el que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) analiza los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental y da seguimiento a su cumplimiento.\n\nVoto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber is of significant relevance and must serve as a parameter for the State's actions and the interpretation of environmental regulations, even beyond the specific case, by establishing that the protection of the environment must prevail.\n\n\nEl transcrito que se incluye como anexo a la directriz del Ministro Rector del Sector Ambiente y Energía, incluida en el expediente de la solicitud de PSA, demuestra que la Municipalidad de Acosta, con fecha 23 de abril de 2004, emitió un certificado de uso del suelo conforme para la actividad forestal con pago de servicios ambientales (PSA) en las propiedades inscritas en el Registro Público bajo el sistema de folio real matrícula números 94519, 94520, 94521, 94522, 152198 y 95939, todas situadas en el distrito 3°, Sabanillas, cantón 2°, Acosta, de la provincia de San José. Se observa que entre los folios reales se mencionan los números 94519, 94520, 94521, 94522, 95939 y 152198, todos a nombre del señor Carlos Roberto González Cortés. Manifiesta que la propiedad no cuenta con plano catastrado, por lo que se desconocen los linderos exactos del inmueble y que se dará prioridad a los anteriores criterios técnicos por sobre el criterio registral. El citado certificado de uso del suelo es del año 2004, lo que da cuenta de que, al momento de su emisión, el Plan Regulador de Acosta no había entrado en vigencia, ya que este data del año 2005. En razón de lo anterior, se infiere que de acuerdo a la legislación forestal, la finca ha mantenido una actividad forestal a lo largo de los años, no solo de manera previa a la emisión del certificado de uso del suelo, sino también posteriormente. Aunado a ello, mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, que conoció una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra varios artículos del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y que se alega violentaban los artículos 45, 46 y 50 constitucionales, relacionados con el derecho a la propiedad privada, al consumidor y a un medio ambiente sano, entre otros, se declaró sin lugar la acción y se avaló la legalidad del Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, así como del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).\n\nSala Segunda de la Corte Suprema de Justicia\n\nDepartment of Environmental and Land Registry Law\n\nJudge in charge of the matter: Damaris Vargas Vásquez\n\n---\n\nSecond Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice. San José, at nine hours twenty-five minutes of December the sixteenth, two thousand and ten.\n\nAMPARO appeal filed by [Name 001], of legal age, bearer of identity card number 0-000-000, against the CARTAGO AGRARIAN COURT.\n\n---\n\n**Considering**\n\n**I.-** The petitioner states, in summary, that he filed an ordinary agricultural action against the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT) for the presumed existence of an agricultural lease, which was heard under case number 05-000066-0368-AG - 2 of the Cartago Agrarian Court. He states that he filed a preliminary plea of lack of competence and jurisdiction, which was rejected by means of a ruling delivered at 3:30 p.m. on September 9, 2005, and was then appealed. He challenges that the Chamber of Cassation took almost three years to resolve the challenge filed, violating the constitutional right of prompt and complete justice. He requests that the appeal be granted, with a declaration that his constitutional rights have been violated.\n\n**II.-** Under oath, **Damaris Barrantes Barrantes**, in her capacity as Legal Coordinator of the Agrarian Chamber, rendered the report, stating that: the preliminary plea of lack of jurisdiction filed was resolved by this Chamber at 9:10 a.m. on May 16, 2008; this ruling was notified on July 23 and 24, 2008; the file was sent to the court of origin on August 7, 2008. The reasons why the matter could not be resolved earlier have to do with the fact that, historically, this Chamber has had a very high volume of cases, a situation that worsened in 2007 with the implementation of the Agrarian Procedure Code, which allowed challenges against a greater number of resolutions. From March 2004 to February 2005, the Chamber was composed of only three members instead of the usual five, and the case was assigned to a judge in March 2006, that is, a year after its entry into this Chamber, because on that date the oldest pending matter was assigned. The official remarks that in the specific case, no delay affecting fundamental rights is evident, since the process has continued normally, with the trial set for August 23, 2010, a date on which it was suspended due to a challenge against the judge. Finally, she states that in the specific case, and given the particularly special and sensible characteristics of agrarian proceedings, which must be substantiated through an oral hearing, the resolution within three years cannot be considered excessive, given the volume of cases that this Chamber has, which is well known to the legal community and citizens in general.\n\n**III.-** The following precedents are duly accredited and have been examined for the resolution of this amparo: a) The petitioner filed an ordinary agricultural action against the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), which was assigned case number 05-000066-0368-AG - 2 of the Cartago Agrarian Court, and in which he filed a challenge against the judge, after the preliminary hearing was held (recorded in the compact disc at folio 552). b) Initially, in a ruling delivered at 3:30 p.m. on September 9, 2005, the Cartago Agrarian Court rejected the preliminary plea of lack of jurisdiction and/or competence, a ruling that was appealed (folios 510-511); this challenge was resolved by the Agrarian Chamber, with the vote being delivered at 9:10 a.m. on May 16, 2008, and notification was made on July 23 and 24, 2008 (folios 691-692 and 699). The petitioner filed an appeal for clarification and addition, which was rejected by the Agrarian Chamber at 7:56 a.m. on August 18, 2008, and notified on August 25 of that same year (folios 518-520). c) The file was sent to the court of origin on August 7, 2008. d) The Agrarian Chamber is currently composed of five proprietary judges, and at the time of entry of the challenge resolved by this Chamber, the number of pending cases exceeded 1200, including challenges resolved by this jurisdictional body.\n\n**IV.-** In the opinion of this Chamber, the appeal should be granted, for the following reasons. Article 27 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction states: \"The right to a resolution that complies with the terms provided for by law is an integral part of fundamental rights.\" The appellant's grievance is limited to the delay in resolving the challenge he filed against the ruling that rejected the preliminary plea of lack of competence and jurisdiction, which, as certified in the case file, was filed in September 2005 and resolved in May 2008, that is, almost three years later. The Agrarian Chamber states that the delay is due to the high volume of cases pending before it, a circumstance that is well known to the legal community and individuals in general. The foregoing does not justify a delay of nearly three years to resolve a challenge, which should be processed immediately, as it refers to a procedural matter, and furthermore, it does not require complex evidentiary activity or a long period for its resolution. The justification given regarding the volume of cases cannot be invoked in support of the violation of a fundamental right, but rather constitutes an acknowledgment of the unjustified delay that must be ordered to be corrected. Additionally, as of the date of this vote, the file is at the Cartago Agrarian Court, and a hearing was held that had to be suspended as a result of a recusal filed against the judge, which is currently being processed. Consequently, the delay having been accredited, what is appropriate is to order the Agrarian Chamber to adopt the necessary measures to resolve challenges, such as the one indicated in this matter, without unjustified delays, a warning that is hereby made to the presiding judge and the members of that jurisdictional body, in accordance with Article 51 of the aforementioned law. As to compensation, the petitioner must seek it in the ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding.\n\n**Therefore**\n\nThe appeal is granted. The delay incurred by the Agrarian Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice in resolving the challenge filed in the agrarian process is condemned. The presiding judge of the Agrarian Chamber, or whoever acts in her stead, is ordered to adopt the necessary measures to resolve challenges, in cases such as the one under examination, without unjustified delays, a warning that is hereby made to the members of that Chamber. As to compensation, the petitioner must seek it in the ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding. \n\nMagistrados Vargas Vásquez, Hernández López, Porras León, Chinchilla Sandí and Aguirre Gómez.\n\nConsiderando III. — Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, establece en su Artículo 19 que las áreas de reserva forestal son de interés público y su manejo debe regirse por los principios de sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales, y que la Sala Constitucional, mediante Voto 4654-2003, ha reconocido la importancia de la protección de dichas áreas como instrumento para la conservación del bosque y la biodiversidad. Que en el expediente administrativo consta el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA) elaborado por la empresa Desarrollos Inmobiliarios del Pacífico S.A., así como el Plan de Gestión Ambiental (PGA) presentado ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) para el proyecto \"Condominio Residencial Bosques del Pacífico\", ubicado en el cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas, el cual contempla una serie de obras de infraestructura, incluyendo movimientos de tierra, apertura de viales y construcción de plataformas para viviendas, dentro de un área que presenta cobertura boscosa y nacientes de agua, lo que conlleva un cambio de uso del suelo. Que el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), emitió el informe técnico N° OS-AC-075-2022, en el cual se señala que el proyecto se traslapa parcialmente con la Zona Protectora El Rodeo, y que se requiere la obtención de las servidumbres ecológicas y de protección de cauces correspondientes, así como el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento para el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).\n\n| Coordenada X | Coordenada Y |\n| --- | --- |\n| 304500.85 | 1120500.42 |\n| 304620.18 | 1120420.67 |\n| 304580.23 | 1120488.15 |\n| 304700.56 | 1120390.82 |\n\nPor tanto, conforme al análisis técnico y jurídico realizado, esta Secretaría resuelve aprobar el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del proyecto, condicionado al cumplimiento de las siguientes medidas de mitigación y compensación ambiental, las cuales deberán ser implementadas de manera previa al inicio de los earthworks (movimientos de tierra) autorizados: la preservación de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) en las áreas identificadas como de alta fragilidad ambiental, la protección absoluta de las springs (nacientes) existentes mediante el establecimiento de una easement (servidumbre) de protección de cauces de quince metros a cada lado, la implementación de un programa de reforestación con especies nativas en las áreas de compensación, y la garantía de la lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de las áreas de protección establecidas. Asimismo, se instruye al desarrollador para que, previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental, obtenga la aprobación del SINAC y el aval del INVU en lo concerniente al cumplimiento del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento.\n\nConsiderando:\n\nI.—Que mediante Ley 7575 del 13 de febrero de 1996, publicada en La Gaceta N° 68 del 16 de abril de 1996, se aprobó el Contrato de Préstamo N° 3885-CR, suscrito entre el Gobierno de la República de Costa Rica y el Banco Internacional de Reconstrucción y Fomento (BIRF), para financiar el Proyecto de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Zona Fronteriza Costa Rica-Panamá, en el cual se estableció la necesidad de fortalecer la capacidad institucional para la gestión ambiental en la zona del proyecto, incluyendo la realización de estudios de impacto ambiental (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA).\n\nII.—Que el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 del 23 de octubre de 1996, publicado en La Gaceta N° 215 del 11 de noviembre de 1996, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), establece en su Artículo 19 la obligación de presentar un estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) para los proyectos de fraccionamiento (subdivisión) y urbanización que se desarrollen en áreas con cobertura boscosa (forest cover) o que impliquen cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change).\n\nIII.—Que mediante oficio N° 123-98-SETENA de fecha 15 de enero de 1998, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) otorgó la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental al proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\", expediente administrativo N° 052-98, presentado por el señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, cédula de identidad N° 0-000-000, en su condición de propietario de la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, Partido de Alajuela, matrícula de folio real N° 123456-000, ubicada en el distrito de San Ramón, cantón de San Ramón, provincia de Alajuela, con un área de 50 hectáreas, de las cuales 20 hectáreas corresponden a cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nIV.—Que mediante oficio N° 456-2000-SETENA de fecha 20 de marzo de 2000, la SETENA, con base en el informe de regencia ambiental N° 001-2000, presentado por el regente ambiental designado, Ing. Luis Alberto González Pérez, carné N° 123, determinó el incumplimiento de las medidas ambientales establecidas en la resolución de viabilidad ambiental N° 123-98-SETENA, específicamente en lo referente a la protección de las nacientes (springs) y la zona de protección de cauces, así como la ejecución no autorizada de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) en áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nV.—Que mediante resolución N° 789-2000-SETENA de fecha 10 de mayo de 2000, la SETENA declaró la caducidad de la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\" y ordenó la suspensión inmediata de las obras, así como la implementación de un plan de restauración ambiental en las áreas afectadas por los movimientos de tierra (earthworks) no autorizados y la tala de cobertura boscosa (forest cover).\n\nVI.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho de todo habitante a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, y el artículo 89 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, faculta a la SETENA para ordenar la suspensión de actividades que causen daño ambiental y para exigir la reparación de los daños causados.\n\nVII.—Que mediante informe técnico N° 012-2001-SETENA de fecha 5 de febrero de 2001, se constató que el desarrollador, Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, continuó con los trabajos de construcción y movimientos de tierra (earthworks) a pesar de la orden de suspensión, causando afectación a las nacientes (springs) ubicadas dentro de la propiedad, así como a los terrenos colindantes, y obstaculizando el libre escurrimiento de las aguas, lo que ha provocado erosión y sedimentación en el cauce del río Barranca.\n\nVIII.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, se ha reiterado la obligación del Estado de garantizar la protección de los mantos acuíferos, zonas de recarga y nacientes (springs), como parte del derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano, consagrado en el artículo 50 constitucional.\n\nPor tanto:\n\nCon fundamento en las consideraciones expuestas, en los artículos 50 y 129 de la Constitución Política, los artículos 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 89, 98, 99 y 105 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, la Ley Forestal N° 7575, el Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) contenido en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y Urbanización, esta Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental resuelve:\n\n1. Declarar la caducidad definitiva de la viabilidad ambiental otorgada mediante resolución N° 123-98-SETENA para el proyecto \"Fraccionamiento y Urbanización Finca La Linda\".\n\n2. Ordenar al señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez, en su condición de desarrollador y propietario registral de la finca matrícula de folio real N° 123456-000, la paralización inmediata y definitiva de todas las obras, movimientos de tierra (earthworks), y cualquier otra actividad constructiva o de cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en la totalidad de la propiedad.\n\n3. Ordenar al desarrollador la presentación, en un plazo máximo de 60 días naturales contados a partir de la notificación de la presente resolución, de un Plan de Restauración Ambiental detallado, elaborado por un profesional competente, que contemple, entre otras, las siguientes medidas:\n - Reforestación de las áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) afectadas, utilizando especies nativas.\n - Estabilización de taludes y control de erosión en las áreas de movimientos de tierra (earthworks).\n - Recuperación de las nacientes (springs) afectadas, incluyendo la remoción de obstrucciones y la protección de sus zonas de recarga.\n - Restauración de la topografía original en la medida de lo posible.\n\n4. Imponer al señor Juan Carlos Mora Sánchez una multa de cincuenta salarios base, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 99 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, por el incumplimiento de las medidas ambientales y la ejecución de actividades no autorizadas. Dicha multa deberá ser cancelada mediante depósito en la cuenta N° 123456-7 del Banco Nacional de Costa Rica a nombre de la SETENA, en el plazo de 30 días hábiles.\n\n5. Remitir certificación de la presente resolución a la Municipalidad de San Ramón, al Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA), y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), para lo de su competencia.\n\n6. Advertir al desarrollador que el incumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la presente resolución facultará a la SETENA para interponer la denuncia penal correspondiente por el delito de desobediencia a la autoridad, tipificado en el artículo 307 del Código Penal, así como por los daños ambientales causados, de conformidad con la legislación ambiental vigente.\n\n7. Publicar la presente resolución en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 105 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.\n\nThe report clarifies that the study was carried out based on a cadastral assembly, orthorectified aerial photography of the street and the lands facing that public road, as well as a topographic survey and photographic record, according to a field visit conducted on April 25, 2023.\n\nNow, with regard to the road infrastructure at issue in this matter, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), the report reveals that **on the first segment (avenida 055A)**, based on the topographical survey and the field visit (accompanied by photographs), “...there are no true conformed sidewalks, as they exist only in short segments, however, these do not meet minimum sidewalk guidelines…”, in addition to the presence of electrical infrastructure (poles and others) and stormwater infrastructure that interrupt pedestrian passage; likewise, it states that “...small segments of curb and gutter (cordón de caño) are observed on the south side, however, said infrastructure is not functional, as it is not continuous, causing part of the water that runs off the roadway to seep into the properties...”. On the **second segment (calle 014)**, the report points out that “...there are conformed sidewalks of variable width, the narrowest being approximately 0.77m, at other points 1.20 m and up to 1.5 m...” however, “...on the east side the existing sidewalks are reduced until they disappear, since at the junction with AV. 051 A there is a catch basin where another ditch discharges...”, likewise, it is stated that at said intersection the sidewalks “...are narrow on some fronts or are unbuilt as observed on part of the west side of the street...”. Regarding the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), the opinion specifies that “...curb and gutter (cordón de caño) is observed on both sides...”. On the **third segment (avenida 051)**, the report reveals several important situations. First, on the north side of the road, beginning at the junction with calle 014, there is no sidewalk “...due to the appearance of a catch basin and a ditch. / 2.3.5.5 Said ditch extends along the north side of AV.051 until reaching a small network of catch basins in front of the Santa Ana Special Education Center, where a space of conformed sidewalk again appears; the only one existing in the segment in question, which is privately owned...”. After this space, it is indicated that the sidewalk disappears again “...giving way to another ditch that collects water from the avenue in question...”. Regarding the south side, the report details that “...no sidewalk infrastructure is appreciated, as the edge of the street and the existing property line on site are almost coincident...”. Finally, the report adds “...At both the beginning and the end of avenida 051 there are no sidewalks or curb and gutter (cordón de caño), a ditch does exist in part, there are shrubs growing on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) as observed...”. Lastly, regarding encroachments on the right-of-way (derecho de vía), which is one of the claimed omissions, the report indicates that **the three indicated segments** “...do[es] not show apparent encroachments by walls or fences on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) according to the property lines...”, however, it does point out the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way (derecho de vía). It is worth noting that in one of the conclusions of this technical opinion, the responsible officials determine that “...with the current configuration of the road right-of-way, there is no space for the construction of sidewalks...”. Finally, this technical report recommends “...the elaboration of a new comprehensive design for the road right-of-way that includes sidewalks, curb and gutter (cordón y caño) on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing road right-of-way defined by the property lines formed on site and the already existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outlets)…”. In summary, we can gather from this report and from the other evidence brought into the judicial file, that there is indeed a lack of or deficient road infrastructure along the stretch that is the subject of the claim, which endangers the life and physical integrity of pedestrians who travel there, a fact of which the Municipality has absolute knowledge. Therefore, this Court observes that there is a factual basis in the cause of action, as well as in the acquiescence petition made by the Municipality, so it can be ruled out from now that this represents a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, leaving it to be determined whether we are effectively facing an omissive conduct incurred by the Local Government and therefore, if there is a Right that justifies the acquiescence made by the Municipal Administration. -\n\n**VII.- THE CONTROL OF ILLEGITIMATE ADMINISTRATIVE INACTIVITY.** – At the heart of this matter, the aim is -in summary- to declare that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached public duties related to the construction of sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), as well as the recovery of public spaces that the plaintiff claims have been invaded by the neighbors of Calle Cubilla and, consequently, to impose on the Municipality the obligation both to carry out those works and to recover the public areas that, it alleges, were invaded. However, even though the Municipality has acquiesced to those claims, this does not automatically mean an upholding judgment, since, as we explained previously, it must be determined that what is petitioned in the lawsuit does not involve an infringement of the legal system (Art. 114.4 CPCA). Thus, since an omissive conduct is being challenged, it is necessary, first, to understand the scope of judicial control over these forms of administrative dysfunction.\n\nWe begin by stating that the principle of legality (principio de legalidad), as the ultimate foundation of administrative conduct in a Democratic Rule-of-Law State, in its dual aspect, positive and negative, holds that the ultimate authorization for the operation of public entities is grounded in the legal system, such that it may only carry out those conducts authorized in the normative system, either because its action or inaction is restricted to specific conditioned scenarios (negative legality), or because it is empowered to achieve public policy objectives through generic measures, insofar as these are reasonable and proportionate for achieving those purposes (positive legality). Thus, we speak of administrative inaction (inactividad administrativa), in those scenarios where Public Administrations remain passive and immobile, that is, they omit to issue acts (formal inaction, inactividad formal) or to perform legal acts (material inaction, inactividad material). This lack of action, by itself, is not contrary to Law, since it can be due to hypotheses where there is no normative authorization or because the legal system imposes a duty of abstention. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate inaction (inactividad legítima e ilegítima), which will ultimately depend on whether the institutional inertia is in conformity or not with the legal system. In summary, we are facing a case of formal or material inaction, of an unlawful (ilícito) nature, insofar as a public entity or body breaches a pre-existing legal mandate that imposes a duty or an obligation to act, whether by issuing a formal act or performing a material conduct. This Section, in judgment No. 33-2018-VI at 3:00 p.m. on March 15, 2018, explained in depth the cases of illegitimate inaction, in the following terms:-\n\n\"…Fourth: In development of what has been stated, regarding the analysis or control of omission conduct, it is necessary to distinguish the diversity of scenarios in which it can occur. Concerning formal inaction or formal omission conduct, it refers to the lack of a declaration of will, judgment, or knowledge on the occasion of a procedure filed by an administered party, with the consequent absence of the exercise of a public competence or power, regarding a singular legal situation. Thus, it can occur due to the non-initiation of the administrative procedure, the non-processing or instruction of a procedure, or its non-resolution, which can generate expiration or the failure to issue the final or definitive act, which in turn would generate negative silence (presumed act). But formal omission also includes the failure to comply with the obligation imposed by the legal system to issue regulatory provisions, when there is a constitutional or legal provision in this regard; as well as conventional formal inaction, referring to the non-signing of bilateral or plurilateral contracts, thereby affecting the public interest or that of concessionaires, and finally, inaction in the exercise of procedural actions belonging to the Administration, that is, when the Administration does not file the processes and claims it can bring, in protection of public goods and interests, such as the scenario where the public entity in charge of the administration of a specific public domain asset does not file the corresponding procedural action against a situation of threat or risk over it. For its part, material inaction refers to the omission by public administrations to carry out some technical or material activity of external significance, which includes the exercise of public functions or powers (such as, for example, those referring to control, oversight, or security actions; or actions in the protection and safeguarding of the environment and health of the administered parties), the execution of favorable administrative acts, or the provision of due public services.\n\n[...] Fifth: Logically, since this involves the legality control of this form of administrative function—that is, the omission—once the alleged omission has been verified, that is, the failure to carry out the conduct (formal or material) imposed by the legal system (in the sense explained above, that is, based on the block of legality or juridicity), the immediate consequence is the condemnation of the Administration to do or fulfill the omitted conduct, in accordance with the provision of subparagraph g) of Article 122 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure...\" (Emphasis not in the original).\n\nIn contrast to the foregoing, any administrative inactivity, whether material or formal, shall be considered legitimate which, on the one hand, does not have as a conditioning antecedent the disregard of a pre-existing legal duty or obligation, or, is the result of the imposition of a legal duty of abstention on a specific Public Administration (Arts. 42.2.j and 122.j CPCA). Thus, in order to determine whether or not the acquiescence (allanamiento) is appropriate, we must first analyze whether, in the sub examine case, we are facing an illegitimate administrative inactivity in the terms set forth above, and therefore, whether a duty to do must or must not be imposed upon the defendant local Corporation, as requested by Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana. -\n\nVIII.- REGARDING THE DUTY OF CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF CANTONAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE.- Based on several regulatory bodies, among which we can cite the Construction Law, Decree-Law No. 833 of November 2, 1949, the General Law of Public Roads, Law No. 5060 of August 22, 1972, the Law for Tax Simplification and Efficiency, Law No. 8114 of July 4, 2001, the Law of Transit on Public Land Routes and Road Safety, Law No. 9078 of October 4, 2012, the Special Law for the Transfer of Competencies: Full and Exclusive Attention of the Cantonal Road Network, Law No. 9329 of October 15, 2015, the Law on Efficiency in the Construction, Maintenance and Improvement of the Cantonal and National Road Network, Law No. 9789 of December 9, 2019, and the Pedestrian Mobility Law, Law No. 9976 of April 6, 2021 -to name a few-, we affirm that the country's public land routes correspond to a category of dominical goods intended to guarantee the free transit of people throughout the national territory, allowing access and communication between the different populations of the country. The set of streets, roads, and highways that make up these public routes is called the \"Road Network\", which is classified as national or cantonal depending on the public entity responsible for its administration. In accordance with Articles 1 of Law No. 5060, 5 of Law No. 8114, 2 subsection 96) of Law 9078, as well as 1 and 2 of Law No. 9329, the power of administration of the country's cantonal road network corresponds to the Municipalities, according to their territorial competence in the geographic area where those public routes are located, a faculty that encompasses the competencies of \"...planning, programming, designing, administering, financing, executing and controlling their construction, conservation, signaling, demarcation, rehabilitation, reinforcement, reconstruction, concession and operation...\". In accordance with those same regulatory bodies, every public route, whether part of the national or cantonal network, consists of two basic elements: the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and the road infrastructure. According to subsection 43 of Law 9078, the former corresponds to the \"...right that falls on a strip of land of demanial nature and is intended for the construction of road works for the circulation of vehicles or the transit of persons, or other works related to safety, ornamentation, road nomenclature, informative advertising of services, tourist activities and destinations, as well as for the installation of public transport vehicle stops or bus shelters...\". The other component, road infrastructure, refers to the works or constructive elements that are erected for the purpose of enabling, facilitating, and guiding the transit of persons, whether pedestrian or by means of transportation systems.\n\nIn that sense, we have the road infrastructure proper, namely, streets, roads, highways, bikeways (ciclovías), pedestrian paths (vías peatonales), etc.; and the complementary infrastructure, that is, those works intended to guarantee safety, sustainability, and inclusivity in the transit and transport of people and goods. In this regard and as it pertains to this matter, Articles 2 of Law No. 9329 and 5 of Law No. 8114 define that the **cantonal road network (red vial cantonal)** is composed of\n\n\"...all roads and streets under the administration of local governments, inventoried and georeferenced as cantonal routes by them, and which are recorded in the official records of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, MOPT), as well as all complementary infrastructure, provided it is on public domain land and meets legal requirements.\n\nLikewise, sidewalks (aceras), bikeways (ciclovías), crossings, pedestrian routes, green and ornamental areas, which are within the right-of-way (derecho de vía) and other road safety infrastructure elements intertwined with local streets and cantonal roads, vertical and horizontal signaling, bridges and other drainage and retention structures and geotechnical or other works associated with the roads shall be considered part of the cantonal road network...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nNow then, we must bear in mind that in this case, Mr. Vargas Roldán criticizes an administrative inactivity in relation to three components of public roads: the sidewalks (aceras), the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the right-of-way (derecho de vía) as such, the latter because alleged encroachments committed by the residents of Calle Cubilla are claimed, which have not been prevented or recovered by the Municipality, while in the first two, what he claims is the absence or lack of those infrastructures. As for the road infrastructure components, these are, the sidewalks (aceras) and the curb and gutter (cordón de caño), by being included within the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) whose administration corresponds to the local Government, entails -as we saw supra- the powers concerning their proper construction and conservation, so that indeed, a pre-existing legal duty does fall upon them, and therefore the absence of those infrastructures would constitute an illegitimate (material) inactivity. It is worth adding, moreover, that in the particular case of sidewalks (aceras), this Chamber has already ruled on the existence of a legal duty of local Governments in their attention and conservation, specifically, judgment No. 026-2021-VI of 09:00 hours on March 11, 2021. On that occasion, we indicated that Article 84 of the Municipal Code stipulated that the Municipalities must carry out the construction, maintenance, or rehabilitation of sidewalks (aceras) in the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) that falls within their territorial jurisdiction, in the following terms:\n\n\"...in the Tribunal's opinion, there is indeed a pre-existing legal obligation imposed on Municipalities not only to monitor and supervise that property owners fulfill the different obligations set forth regarding the construction and maintenance of sidewalks (aceras); but also so that, as a last resort, they must substitute for them in the execution of said works, when there is inaction on the part of the owner or possessor. This obligation is expressly set forth in Article 84 ibidem and its purpose is oriented, in general, to promote the right to safe, accessible, and inclusive pedestrian mobility, comprehensively in all physical environments and, in particular, so that cantonal public roads comply with the required conditions of safety, ornamentation, comfort, and accessibility, both for the residents of the canton and for its visitors. The existence of that obligation is so clear that Article 84 ibidem itself indicates that if the municipality does not remedy the property owner's inaction and, therefore, does not build the sidewalks (aceras) and as a consequence of that omission causes damage to the health, physical integrity, or property of third parties, the negligent municipal official shall be liable, jointly with the owner or possessor of the property, for the damages caused. It is clear that, in accordance with the cited legal norm, when the Municipality must fulfill the referenced obligation and carries out the works on its own due to the inaction of the primarily obligated party, it has the power to charge the respective cost to the negligent person, prior compliance with due process...\"\n\nThis legal duty and therefore, the inactivity incurred by Municipalities due to the lack of sidewalks (aceras) that guarantee pedestrian traffic safety, has been recognized by extensive constitutional jurisprudence, and even by the First Chamber itself (judgment No. 1015-F-S1-2022 of 09:36 hours on May 12, 2022), to which is added the issuance of the aforementioned Pedestrian Mobility Law, which expressly assigns the authority to local Governments for\n\n\"...the management of sidewalks (aceras) in the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal), which includes the design, the construction, the conservation, the signaling, the demarcation, the rehabilitation, the reinforcement, the reconstruction, the concession, and the operation of this space, which includes both the sidewalks (aceras) themselves as well as all the elements of the pedestrian infrastructures necessary to ensure inclusive mobility, such as green infrastructure, lighting, and other elements, and considering the accessibility criteria contemplated by Law 7600, Equal Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, of May 2, 1996...\" (Art. 2.c, Law No. 9976. Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nRegarding the material inactivity concerning the absence of actions aimed at the recovery of the right-of-way (derecho de vía), as well as ensuring the mobility of people through public roads, its unlawfulness can also be inferred from the aforementioned regulatory bodies cited repeatedly, as well as from the administrative powers over the cantonal road network (red vial cantonal) that we have mentioned.\n\nIt is perhaps worth clarifying for these purposes the provisions of articles 2 bis, 19, 20, 21, 28, 32, 33 of the General Law of Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), article 84 subsection e) of the Municipal Code (Código Municipal), article 17 of Law 9976 (in relation to sidewalks or pedestrian walkways), among other provisions, all of which impose upon the Municipalities the duty to remove obstacles and restore mobility or the free transit of persons on the public roads of the road network under their charge. However, it should be noted on this point that the report presented by both parties as factual and evidentiary support for their procedural acts (claim and affirmative defense), clearly shows that the sections \"...do not show apparent encroachments by walls or fences on the right-of-way (derecho de vía) according to the property lines...\", although it does certify the presence of roofs on gates, plants, or shrubs that are indeed within the right-of-way. Therefore, this Chamber understands that the inactivity incurred on this point, and which has been demonstrated, lies in the absence of actions aimed at restoring full mobility or transitability of the cantonal public roads that are the subject of this matter.-\n\nIX.- IN SYNTHESIS ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. - Based on the foregoing and after a measured analysis of the case file, this Court has verified the unlawful administrative inactivity incurred by the defendant Administration, which the plaintiff alleges and the municipal representation also acknowledges, without any reason being apparent from which to certify a hypothesis of abuse or procedural fraud, nor of disproportionality in the scope of the claims. Thus, Mr. Vargas Roldán, in his capacity as a resident of the canton of Santa Ana, has requested the declaration of the omission (claim No. 2) and consequently, that compliance be ordered with the legal mandates that have been disregarded, which includes the duty of the Municipality of Santa Ana to build the road works that are lacking, that is, the sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), and the restoration of full mobility or transitability of the existing cantonal public roads on the route indicated in the claim (claims No. 3 to 8), all of which was accepted by the local Government, as is evident from the Municipal Council agreement no. 09 adopted in Article VI of ordinary session no. 57 held on June 3 of this year:\n\n\"...The acquiescence (allanamiento) authorized by agreement 04 adopted in ordinary session 04 held on May 21, 2024, consists of the Municipality recovering the invaded public areas, building the sidewalks and the corresponding curb and gutter of Calle Cubilla comprising Avenida 55 starting at the intersection with route 310, Calle 14 in its entirety, and Avenida 51 up to Condominio Bosques de Carao; a route illustrated in the image of the aforementioned agreement in transcription 347-2024 provided with the defense to the claim.\" ...\" (Highlighting is not from the original).\n\nThus, once the satisfaction of the requirements that the legal system prescribes for admitting the acquiescence (allanamiento) made in the case file has been determined, what is appropriate is to uphold the plaintiff's claims, so that it is declared that the Municipality of Santa Ana has breached the pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty to construct and maintain sidewalks and curb and gutter, and to safeguard full mobility or transitability on the public roads included in the claimed route. Consequently, as has been requested by the plaintiff, in accordance with article 122 subsection g) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (CPCA), the Municipality of Santa Ana must be ordered to cease the inactivity or omission and to comply, within a reasonable timeframe, with the obligations imposed by the legal system to which reference has been made, based on the technical criteria that both parties have provided to the case file. By virtue of this and considering the specific circumstances that have been duly demonstrated, the following parameters are set so that the defendant local entity may fulfill the omitted conduct: 1) The Municipality of Santa Ana is ordered, within a maximum period of one month counted from the finality of this ruling, to inform the enforcement judge of this Court about the technical actions or procedures initiated to prepare \"...a new road right-of-way (derecho vial) design that is comprehensive and that includes sidewalks, curb and gutter on both sides of the public road to favor pedestrian movement, considering the width of the existing right-of-way defined by the property lines established on site and the existing stormwater infrastructure (catch basins, drains, ditches, and outlets)...\", as recommended in the technical expert opinion (dictamen técnico) contained in official letter no. MSA-GEM-CAT-04-013-2023 dated May 3, 2023. For the effective fulfillment of what has been ordered, the Municipal Mayor must provide a timeline establishing the different actions, phases, and responsible parties so that, within a maximum period of six months, the new road right-of-way design indicated therein is completed. Once that period has elapsed, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana must submit to the enforcement judge of this Court the final compliance report containing the definitive design of the actions and works to be executed on the route in question. 2) Once the report on the aspects indicated in the previous point has been presented and in accordance with the new road right-of-way design, the Municipal Mayor of Santa Ana is ordered to implement the actions and measures necessary to begin the construction of the road infrastructure and the removal of obstacles or other elements that impede adequate mobility and transitability on the route in question, within a maximum period of six months, with these needing to be duly completed no later than one year after being initiated. 3) The Municipal Mayor must take note of what is ordered herein and make the pertinent budgetary provisions or modifications, in order to comply with what has been ordered, under penalty of the crime of disobedience to authority. Likewise, every six months, progress reports on compliance with what has been ordered must be submitted to the enforcement phase of this Court.\n\n4) The judgment enforcement judge (persona juzgadora de ejecución de sentencia) shall make known to the plaintiff the reports and the new road right-of-way design (diseño del derecho vial) described above and shall ensure the proper fulfillment of said planning, the deadlines, and the execution of the works, in accordance with the powers granted by the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). To that end, they shall be enabled to apply the mechanisms provided for in Articles 158 and 159 of that regulatory body, also with respect to the officials indicated as responsible in the report described in point 1). -\n\nX.- REGARDING COSTS. - The obligation to pay costs constitutes an obligation of legal source, in this case, derived from numeral 193 of the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), by means of which the losing party -by the mere fact of being so-, is obliged to reimburse the winning party for a variety of categories of expenses incurred by reason of the process, which they were not obliged to bear. In accordance with said article as well as 194 and 197 ibidem, the waiver of this condemnation may only occur if any of the situations regulated therein are proven, so that in the absence of allegations or evidence allowing this Tribunal, in the specific case, to weigh and deem any of these grounds accredited, it is not possible then to totally or partially exempt the defeated party from the application of said maxim. In this case, the process has concluded due to the affirmative response or acquiescence (allanamiento) made by the defendant Municipal Administration and in that sense, the aforementioned numeral 197.1 CPCA prescribes the following: \"...Unless the parties agree otherwise, there shall be no condemnation in costs, in the event of withdrawal (desestimiento), acquiescence (allanamiento) or extra-procedural satisfaction of the claim, before the preliminary hearing or in the course thereof...\". Therefore, since the acquiescence (allanamiento) occurred before the preliminary hearing was held in this matter, what is legally proper is to exonerate the defeated party from the payment of costs, as is hereby ordered. -\n\n\nPOR TANTO\n\nAs it conforms to the legal system, the petition for acquiescence (allanamiento) filed by the defendant is granted.\n\nConsequently, THE CLAIM IS GRANTED filed by SEBASTIAN DAVID VARGAS ROLDAN, against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE SANTA ANA, under the following terms: A) It is declared that the Municipalidad de Santa Ana has breached pre-existing obligations imposed by the legal system, related to its duty of construction and maintenance of sidewalks (aceras) and curbs (cordón de caño), and of safeguarding full mobility or walkability on the cantonal public roads located on Calle La Cubilla, specifically, the segment from the intersection of avenida 055A with Ruta Nacional 310, continuing along calle 014 and avenida 051, up to the Condominio Bosques de Carao, which is graphically represented by the yellow dotted line shown in the following image: --\n\n